植物学技术

Sexual reproduction in higher plants consists of a series of complex processes, including pollination, double fertilization, embryo differentiation, and seed formation. Development of methods for pollination and fertilization under controlled conditions in vitro has gre ...

The commercial cultivation of rosaceous fruit trees (e.g., pear, apple, cherry, peach, plum) relies heavily upon the quality and performance of the rootstocks. This is even more the case now that self-rooted scions produce larger trees with a longer juvenile phase (1). It would, therefore, be of spec ...

In this chapter, a method by which many fern species can be successfully grown from spores in axenic culture will be described. Unlike the conventional method of sowing the spores on compost, this method allows spore populations free from contamination by spores of other species to be sown. The meth ...

Pioneering research in Brassica microspore culture (1,2,3)rapidly led to the realization that microspores provide a powerful alternative to protoplast culture as a single-celled culture method in plants. These two single-celled systems are fundamentally different, both in ti ...

The initiation and development of embryos from differentiated tissue (somatic tissue) was first observed by Steward et al. (1) in 1958, but earlier researchers had already observed these formations in culture, without recognizing them as embryos.

The capacity of a cell to produce an embryo is not limited to the development of the fertilized egg. Cells of differentiated tissues (somatic tissues), which are first submitted to the action of an auxin and secondly transferred to a new medium without auxin, are capable of producing embryos (Fig. 1). It s ...

The importance of plant cell suspension cultures as a research tool in various aspects of plant biology is well established. A basic requirement of work with plant cell suspension cultures is the ability to monitor growth on the basis of various parameters. Reliable and reproducible measure ...

The culture of embryos has several fundamental purposes. It allows observation of morphogenesis of isolated embryos at regular intervals and direct analysis of the various steps in embryogenesis. In this way, it gives more information than does fixation followed by histological anal ...

The culture of fruit tissues as whole organs or isolated tissue sections has been conducted with various species (1). Whole, isolated ovaries have been successfully cultured to give rise to mature fruits (e.g., strawberry). Typically, however, when an isolated portion of the fruit tissue is int ...

A variety of factors contribute to flower induction in nature. These same factors are assumed to be responsible for in vitro flowering (I). Flower formation in tissue culture has been observed in several plant species, and arises from a variety of explant sources (2). However, the factors respons ...

Graft formation in plants involves the severing of the vascular system with consequent loss of water and solute transport throughout the plant. This transport must be restored to prevent death resulting from nutrient starvation or dessication.

This chapter deals with the selection of growth media for the induction of callus and initiation of liquid suspension cultures from plants. Although the first attempts at initiating cultures of plant cells were made by the German botanist G. Haberlandt at the turn of this century, it has only been du ...

RNA–protein interactions profoundly impact organismal development and function through their contributions to the basal gene expression machineries and their regulation of post-transcriptional processes. The repertoire of predicted RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in pla ...

DNA microarrays have become a mainstream tool in experimental plant biology. The constant improvements in the technological platforms have enabled the development of the tiling DNA microarrays that cover the whole genome, which in turn catalyzed the wide variety of creative applicat ...

A series of large-scale Arabidopsis thaliana microarray expression experiments profiling genome-wide expression across different developmental stages, cell types, and environmental conditions have resulted in tremendous amounts of gene expression data. This gene exp ...

The genomics era has enabled scientists to more readily pose truly global questions regarding mutation, evolution, gene and genome structure, function, and regulation. Just as Sanger sequencing ushered in a paradigm shift that enabled the molecular basis of biological questions to be d ...

Polyribosomes (polysomes) form as multiple ribosomes engage in translation on a single mRNA. This process is regulated for individual mRNAs by both development and the environment. To evaluate the translation state of an mRNA, ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, and polysomes can be isolat ...

To tackle the question of how chromatin organization is involved in global regulation of genome-related processes such as transcription, we have recently created a collection of 277 transposon-tagged Arabidopsis lines comprised of a single insert with a common luciferase reporter ...

Annotated genomes have provided a wealth of information about gene structure and gene catalogs in a wide range of species. Taking advantage of these developments, novel techniques have been implemented to investigate systematically diverse aspects of gene and protein functions und ...

A major aim of systems biology is the study of the inter-relationships found within and between large biological data sets. Here we describe one systems biology method, in which the tools of network analysis and discrete dynamic (Boolean) modeling are used to develop predictive models of cellu ...