植物学技术

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes tumors on dicotyledonous plants. Virulent strains harbor a large plasmid, the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid, which is involved in tumorigenesis. A small segment of this plasmid, the T-DNA, is transferred to the plant cell and becomes ...

Molecular characterization of complex cellular processes depends on the use of model systems in which a classical genetic approach can be combined with molecular techniques of gene cloning and DNA transfer. Several features of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii make it a suitab ...

Micropropagation techniques are being used by an increasing number of research workers and commercial firms. The main use has been that of mass production of plants ranging from nursery stock species (such as rhododendron or rose), through ornamentals (such as fuchsia or carnation) to frui ...

The essence of meristem-tip culture is the excision of the organized apex of the shoot from a selected donor plant for subsequent in vitro culture. The conditions of culture are regulated to allow only for organized outgrowth of the apex directly into a shoot, without the intervention of any advent ...

Regeneration of buds, shoots, and roots in cells and explants in vitro has provided useful developmental systems to analyze the processes of cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Interest in these studies was greatly stimulated by the demonstration of chemical regulation of morp ...

Plant cells can be totipotent, i.e., each cell may be capable of developing into an entire plant when provided with the correct environmental stimuli. Research during the last 30 yr has demonstrated that successful organogenesis in callus cultures can be achieved by the correct choice of medium ...

Reliable methods for obtaining sterile explants (i. e., that part of the parent plant introduced to in vitro conditions) are critical in tissue culture. Normally, explants are soaked in disinfectants in order to eliminate the coating layer of microorganisms ubiquitously found on plants. T ...

Plant tissues grown in vitro provide an ideal research tool for the study of a wide range of aspects of plant science. For example, they have been used in the investigation of both primary and secondary metabolism, cytodifferentiation, morphogenesis, plant tumor physiology, and the formation ...

This chapter is concerned with the use of mechanical and electronic techniques (i. e., the Automated Plant Culture System ) to aid in the sterile cultivation of plants for the purpose of prolonging culture life and/ or increasing yields over that obtained from conventional technology (bd1,bd2 ...

There have been numerous reports of enzyme synthesis in cultured plant cells and the presence of certain enzymes in the culture medium. Most of these studies have been performed in the context of the characterization of these enzymes from cell cultures. However, cell cultures-in particular t ...

The diverse group of compounds known as plant secondary products includes many compounds with pharmaceutical activity (e.g., morphine, vincristine), fragrances, pigments, latex, enzymes, and carbohydrates (2). The commercial production of such plant secondary metabolites ha ...

Plant cell culture, the growth of plant cells on solid medium or in liquid, was originally used to study the physiology and biochemistry of plants without the complication of the whole plant. However, it was soon found that plant cell cultures were often capable of producing compounds characteri ...

Plant cell culture has great potential as an alternative system for the production of phytochemicals normally extracted from whole plants, many of which have commercial value. Suspension cultures of plant cells have been shown to produce compounds characteristic of the original plan ...

Various immobilization strategies have been developed to optimize the biosynthetic potential of cultured plant cells. Immobilization involves the retaining of suspension-cultured plant cells on, or within, a physical barrier that promotes cell aggregation and separates the ...

This chapter ties together ideas introduced in previous articles of this volume in the search for ways to use plant cell cultures as industrial production systems. The economics of a process must always be carefully considered when examining the suitability of plant cell culture for the manu ...

Batch culture involves the inoculation of a known volume or mass of cells into a volume of (normally) defined medium. Growth is allowed to proceed, and the resulting biomass is harvested at some stage during the growth cycle. Throughout the growth period, no additions are made to the media, with the exce ...

Growth and organogenesis in vitro is highly dependent on the interaction between naturally occurring endogenous growth substances and an analogous growth regulator added to the medium. It is often necessary to alter the growth regulator composition and/or concentration for in vitro ...

The large-scale or mass cultivation of plant cells is the growth of plant cell suspensions at volumes above those normally produced in shake flasks, that is, above IL. Attempts to grow plant cells in fermenters or bioreactors started in the early 1960s with converted carboys. The area has developed ...

The chloroplast genome encodes a number of proteins, including thylakoid proteins and the large subunit of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, associated with the structure and function of the chloroplast (1-2). In addition, many components of the chloroplast translational machi ...

Mutants resistant to chemicals that inhibit growth (antimetabolites) are the most readily selected in plant cell cultures. A number of such mutants have been isolated, with resistance to amino acids and their analogs, base analogs, toxins from pathogenic microorganisms, herbicides, ...