微生物学技术

Gene expression in microbes can be detected with an oligonucleotide-based DNA macroar-ray. The DNA macroarray is composed of short (22-24-mer) oligonucleotide probes immobilized onto a nylon membrane via polyinosine tails. An indirect high-density labeling method was used to effe ...

Microbial strains overproducing commercially important metabolites are routinely obtained through mutagenesis and random screening and/or selection. Advances in recombinant DNA technology have made it possible for engineering improved microbial strains by specific ...

Proteome analysis is a powerful tool for the investigation of yeast in their natural habitats. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been used extensively in proteomics, but reproducibili-ty is notoriously difficult to achieve with this technology. An optimized procedure al ...

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) are the starting materials for the production of all clinically important semisynthetic derivatives of cephalosporins. Whereas 7-ADCA is conventionally produced from penicill ...

The field of predictive microbiology is rapidly widening and ranges from bioreactor engineering to the modeling of foodstuff degradation and contamination. In this chapter, we point out how important the choice of experimental conditions is. We also briefly describe some tools (meth ...

Microbiological processes and the products thereof are patentable. In this connection, &quote;products&quote; means the metabolic products of the microorganisms, the microorganisms themselves, and ingredients of the microorganisms, particularly genetic material. In ...

Patent protection can be granted for an invention that is new, of industrial value, and reworkable. To assure reworkability of an invention where biological material is involved, a sample should be deposited with an independent, recognized patent depositary. This chapter outlines in det ...

The correct transport of biological material is one of the major aspects of biolegislation. The awareness of this fact has only quite slowly come into being. The demands on the export, packaging, and shipping of biological material are manifold and the number of possible mistakes is endless. On the ...

Heavy metals are removed by Serratia sp. via the activity of a cell-bound, atypical, PhoN-type acid phosphatase enzyme, which liberates HPO42- from a suitable organic phosphate donor, with the stoichiometric precipitation of heavy-metal cations (M2+) as insoluble MHPO4 at the cell surfa ...

Detection of sulfur compounds is difficult in complex samples such as soil and food. The volatility of these compounds can be an advantage if a trapping method is used. This method must be inert for the highly reactive compounds to avoid artifacts resulting from sample preparation and analysis pr ...

The intestinal microbiota is a postnatally acquired organ that is composed of a large diversity of bacterial genera and species and has an influence on the physiology of the host, both locally at the intestine and systemically. They perform important functions for the host and can, in turn, be modul ...

Allergens are molecules with the capacity to elicit IgE responses in humans. When stimulated with allergens, most allergic patients respond with production of IgE specific for several proteins/allergens in the source material. The standardization of allergen extracts is essenti ...

Many naturally occurring proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids, as well as synthetic peptides, are successful immunogens. To elicit an immune response, a compound must contain an antigenic determinant or epitope and must be of sufficient size to initiate lympho ...

Immunoelectrophoresis can be used for analysis of individual proteins in complex mixtures. The conditions involved in immunoelectrophoresis are mild, avoiding the risk of denaturation, and it is possible to perform relative quantification of individual components. The princ ...

Under normal conditions, airborne allergens are present at very low concentrations. Allergens may be carried on relatively large identifiable particles such as grains of pollen and mould spores or smaller amorphous particles or both. The methods that have been applied to quantify anim ...

The Halogen assay is a new technique for measuring airborne allergen. The assay is unique in that it is capable of analyzing allergens and particles together, combining the advantages of morphological approaches and immunoassay. The Halogen assay allows direct observation of the parti ...

After air sampling and elution, the air sample eluate contains an unknown amount of allergens together with other materials. The proteins of interest can be quantified using immunoassays, which are sensitive, economical, and can be used for high throughput. However, the amount of antigen or a ...

There is currently considerable interest in the role of specific IgG antibodies in allergy. Several studies suggest that specific IgG antibodies may play a protective role in allergy. Successful immunotherapy is associated with increases in allergen-specific IgG antibodies whi ...

The prevalence of allergic disease has dramatically increased over the past 30 years in Westernised countries. It is unlikely that the rapid increase in the prevalence of allergic disease is the result of genetic changes, which highlights the importance of environmental factors in the dev ...

Identification of pollen is like entering a world of great variation in size, shape, and structure. To obtain a correct result, a good microscope, basic information on pollen grain morphology and a reference sample of the plant to be identified are needed. Purity determination of pollen can be perf ...