免疫学技术

The two small virally encoded RNA species, EBER-1 and EBER-2, are abundantly expressed in almost all Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cell types. Their functions in relation to the physiology of the virus remain enigmatic. In recent years, the main interest in the EBERs has been in connection wi ...

The Epstein-Bar virus (EBV)-encoded complementary strand transcripts (CSTs) are a recently described (1,2) group of related transcripts initiating from a common promoter that exhibit a complex splicing pattern and contain a number of small open reading frames with the potential to enc ...

Upon infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), primary human B-lymphocytes are efficiently immortalized and give rise to lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro. Four of the 11 viral genes expressed in the immortalized B cells have been found to be essential genetically for the process of immort ...

Herpesviruses have two distinct phases to their life cycle. Characteristically, they persist as a latent infection for the lifetime of the infected host. This usually involves a very small number of infected cells in a particular tissue where the virus is present at very low copy number and there is ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the method of choice for visualization of viral nucleotide sequences in the infected cells. FISH methodology has been previously used for localization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA sequences within interphase nuclei or on chromosomes ( ...

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is followed by a life-long persistence of the virus in the B-cell compartment of the host (1,2). Small numbers of EBV-carrying B cells have been identified in the peripheral blood as well as in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of chronic virus carriers (3 ...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been found in a plethora of lesions phenotypically as diverse as malignant lymphomas of B- and T-cell type, Hodgkin’s disease, infectious mononucleosis, carcinomas, neoplasms of follicular dendritic cells, and leiomyosarcomas. On the other hand, there are e ...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a powerful tool in the world of molecular biology (1). Using specific oligonucleotides complimentary to a known sequence of DNA in conjunction with Taq DNA polymerase, it is possible to synthesize billions of copies of that DNA from only one starting ...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a lymphotropic γ herpes virus. Infection of human B cells with EBV in vitro results in their immortalization and the resulting cell lines are named lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) (1). In these cells, EBV establishes mainly a latent infection, characterized by the ex ...

There have been no reports of the direct entry of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) into a fully permissive lytic cycle in any cell in vitro. Virus does, however spontaneously move from latency into a lytic cycle of replication in a very small percentage of the population of most B-cell lines in culture and this num ...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is able to override the mechanisms that normally regulate the proliferation of human B-lymphocytes. In the absence of other extracellular signals, EBV infects resting B-lymphocytes and drives the infected cells into the cell-division cycle. Recently, there ...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with both lymphoma (for example, Burkitt’s lymphoma) and epithelial carcinoma (for example, nasopharyngeal carcinoma). Among about 90 genes encoded by the virus (1), seven latent genes—(Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), EBNA2, EBNA ...

When studying the contributions of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to tumorogenesis, it is often advantageous to analyze the effects of the expression of one viral protein on the host cell separately from the effects of other viral proteins that are being concurrently expressed during a normal inf ...

The analysis of the effects of expression of one viral protein on the host cell separately from the effect of other viral proteins is often limited by the efficiency of the transfection method. Lymphoid cells are effectively transfected by electroporation (1–4). However, the transfection e ...

The development of in vitro systems for the culture of human epithelial cells has aided the study of epithelial cell transformation by the epitheliotrophic papilloma-viruses (1). Although long-term proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro can now be achieved, the tissue-culture env ...

The inability to directly infect epithelial cells in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (1) has led to the development of epithelial cell-culture models to examine virus-induced growth transformation and productive infection.

Flow cytometry allows rapid multi-parameter analyses of individual cells. Cells are illuminated with incident laser light of a specific wavelength. Resultant light-scatter signals and fluorescence-emission signals from fluorochromes contained at the surface of the cell or w ...

In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive individuals, cell-mediated immunity against EBV can be monitored in vitro as the capacity of T-cell lymphocytes to inhibit virusinduced proliferation of autologous B cells. In vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM ...

The techniques presented in this chapter describe the experimental procedure for the identification of the nonrandom DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis. The major benefits of this method are its ability to detect a low level of DNA fragmentation and its ability to detect large D ...

Currently, the antigen specificity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) can be determined using a set of recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing individual EBV proteins. These recombinant viruses are used to infect EBV-negative target cells, which are then ...