生物化学技术

In this chapter we describe two SPPS approaches for producing cyclic disulfide-rich peptides in our laboratory, including cyclotides from plants, cyclic conotoxins from cone snail venoms, chlorotoxin from scorpion venom, and the sunflower trypsin inhibitor peptide, SFTI-1.

Numerous methods have been developed for the formation of disulfide bonds in recombinant DNA-derived and chemically synthesized peptides and proteins, but only a few have found widespread acceptance. The choice of method(s) for formation of disulfide in synthetic peptides and prote ...

The use of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the Nα-amino protecting group in peptide synthesis can be advantageous in several cases, such as synthesis of hydrophobic peptides and peptides containing ester and thioester moieties. The primary challenge of using Boc SPPS is the need for tre ...

After having successfully synthesized a peptide, it has to be released from the solid support, unless it is being used for on-resin display. The linker and, in some cases, the cleavage mixture determine the C-terminal functionality of the released peptide. In most cases, the peptide is released wi ...

This chapter describes the basic protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc group as the N α-protecting group (Fmoc-SPPS). The chapter introduces resins and their handling, choice of linkers, and the most common methods for peptide chain assembly. The proper choice of resins ...

Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis has become one of the most widely used tools by peptide chemists for the synthesis of both routine and difficult peptide sequences. Microwave technology significantly reduces the synthesis time while also improving the quality of the peptides p ...

This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of peptide chemistry with a focus on solid-phase peptide synthesis. The background, the most common reagents, and some mechanisms are presented. This chapter also points to the different chapters and puts them into perspective.

Fast and precise heating by microwave irradiation during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) can reduce reaction times as well as provide better purities and greater yields for the synthesis of difficult peptides. Microwave- assisted SPPS has proven to be a useful and reliable tool for the ...

This chapter provides an introduction to and an overview of current instrumentation for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Presently, the two most common designs differ in their mode of liquid handling: the first relies on valves and valve blocks for distribution of reagents, while the s ...

O-Glycosylation of proteins is an important modification which affects biological function and immunity. In this chapter, we provide protocols for efficient solid-phase O-glycopeptide synthesis (SPGPS) and protocols for the construction of glycopeptide microarray chips f ...

Phosphopeptides are generally prepared by incorporation of suitable, protected phosphoamino acid derivatives during peptide synthesis using routine coupling protocols. The feasibility of chemical synthesis of phosphorylated peptides by Fmoc-SPPS was greatly enhan ...

One of the main reasons of the high diversity and complexity of the human proteome compared to the human genome is the extensive work performed by the posttranslational machinery to incorporate numerous different functionalities on proteins. The covalent attachment of chemical moie ...

Peptoids (N-substituted glycines) are mimics of α-peptides in which the side chains are attached to the backbone N α -amide nitrogen instead of the C α -atom. Peptoids hold promise as therapeutics since they often retain the biological activity of the parent peptide and are stable to proteases. In r ...

N-Methylation may positively influence the pharmacokinetic properties of peptides by improving oral availability and in vivo half-life. Additionally, target affinity and specificity may be improved. Here, we describe the solid-phase N-methylation of peptides using direct al ...

cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGK) are serine/threonine kinases that are widely distributed in eukaryotes. Two genes—prkg1 and prkg2—code for cGKs, namely, cGKI and cGKII. In mammals, two isozymes, cGKIα and cGKIβ, are generated from the prkg1 gene. The cGKI isozymes are prominent in all t ...

The NO/cGMP signalling cascade participates in the regulation of physiological parameters such as smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and neuronal transmission. cGMP is formed in response to nitric oxide (NO) by NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclases that exi ...

We recently demonstrated that an increase of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling could protect the inner ear from noise-induced hair cell damage. Noise exposure not only damages hair cells but also alters the central responsiveness to sound leading to plasticity ch ...

Cyclic guanosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cGMP) plays a key role in the physiological process of light detection in photoreceptor cells of the retina. However, there is also growing evidence that cGMP may be critically involved in some pathophysiological processes of the retina since dege ...

Intrathecal delivery of drugs is an important method in pain research in order to investigate pain-relevant effects in the spinal cord in vivo. Here, we describe a method of intrathecal drug delivery by direct lumbar puncture in mice. The procedure does not require surgery, is rapidly performed, ...

The characterization of the interaction between a ligand and its receptor is crucial for a broad variety of applications in academia as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Although various sophisticated high-throughput technologies have been established to investigate the bi ...