生物化学技术

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a great potential for applications in medicine. However, their biocompatibility and toxicity cause a great concern. Due to the large surface area of CNTs, chemical modification can dramatically alter their physiochemical properties and hence biologi ...

Dynamic cellular responses to carbon nanotubes were monitored by a real-time cell electronic sensing assay. This approach is based on the parallel impedance measurement of attached cells using electronic sensors integrated in wells of 96-well E-plate. It measures the real-time multi ...

The explosive growth of nanotechnology in the last years has led to dramatic innovations in pharmacology, and it is revolutioning the development of biologically active compounds. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely explored for biomedical applications such as intracellular tra ...

The development of novel drug delivery systems is essential for the improvement of therapeutics for most human diseases. Currently used cellular delivery systems, such as viral vectors, liposomes, cationic lipids, and polymers, may have limited clinical efficacy because of safety is ...

This chapter provides a detailed protocol for studying the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the proliferation, differentiation, adipocytic transdifferentiation, and mineralization of primary osteoblasts. SWNTs, DWNTs, and MWNTs with the same mean length and various diam ...

The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay is a simple and sensitive method for quantitatively measuring DNA breakage and repair in individual cells. It can be applied to proliferating and non-proliferating cells and cells of those tissues, which are the first contact sites ...

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a family of all-carbon quasi one-dimensional nanomaterials that are highly hydrophobic and typically aggregated in bundles. Recent accomplishments in dispersing CNTs in aqueous solutions open possibilities for their new applications in biomedic ...

The Bioconductor project is an “open source and open development software project for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data” (1), primarily based on the R programming language. Infrastructure packages, such as Biobase, are maintained by Bioconductor core developers and serve ...

Protein quantitation by mass spectrometry (MS) is attractive since it is possible to obtain both the identification and quantitative values of novel proteins and their posttranslational modifications in one experiment. In contrast, protein arrays only provide quantitative va ...

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D gels) is an essential quantitative proteomics technique that is frequently used to study differences between samples of clinical relevance. Although considered to have a low throughput, 2D gels can separate thousands of proteins in one gel, m ...

Mass spectrometry has been used in biochemical research for a long time. However, its potential for discovering proteomic biomarkers using protein mass spectra has aroused tremendous interest in the last few years. In spite of its potential for biomarker discovery, it is recognized that the ...

The inhibition of the histone deacetylase enzymes induces hyperacetylation of the histone proteins. This hyperacetylation causes cell cycle arrest and cell death in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Therefore, the development of histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatme ...

This chapter is intended to familiarize readers with the field of metabolomics and some of the algorithms, data analysis strategies, and computer programs used to analyze or interpret metabolomic data. Specifically, this chapter provides a brief overview of the experimental approac ...

An important procedure in biomedical research is the detection of genes that are differentially expressed under pathologic conditions. These genes, or at least a subset of them, are key biomarkers and are thought to be important to describe and understand the analyzed biological system (t ...

A number of biomedical text mining systems have been developed to extract biologically relevant information directly from the literature, complementing bioinformatics methods in the analysis of experimentally generated data. We provide a short overview of the general charact ...

Exploiting the potential of omics for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic purposes has currently been receiving a lot of attention. In recent years, most of the effort has been put into demonstrating the possible clinical applications of the various omics fields. The cost-eff ...

The increase in the number and complexity of biological databases has raised the need for modern and powerful data analysis tools and techniques. In order to fulfill these requirements, the machine learning discipline has become an everyday tool in bio-laboratories. The use of machine lear ...

High-throughput genotyping technologies have become popular in studies that aim to reveal the genetics behind polygenic traits such as complex disease and the diverse response to some drug treatments. These technologies utilize bioinformatics tools to define strategies, anal ...

Clustering is the unsupervised, semisupervised, and supervised classification of patterns into groups. The clustering problem has been addressed in many contexts and disciplines. Cluster analysis encompasses different methods and algorithms for grouping objects of simil ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological term that encompasses a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from simple triglyceride accumulation in the hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis) to hepatic steatosis with inflammation (steatohepatitis, also kn ...