Anti-IGF-1 Receptor β / CD221

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor β (IGF-1Rβ), also known as CD221, is a cell surface receptor that plays a critical role in regulating various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, survival, and metabolism. It is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and is primarily activated by binding to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), although it can also bind IGF-2. Upon ligand binding, IGF-1Rβ undergoes autophosphorylation, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling events, most notably through the PI3K-AKT and RAS-MAPK pathways. These pathways regulate key cellular functions such as cell cycle progression, anti-apoptotic activity, and protein synthesis. IGF-1Rβ is crucial for normal growth and development, particularly during embryogenesis and postnatal growth. It also plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and tissue repair. Dysregulation of IGF-1Rβ signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and growth disorders, making it a target for therapeutic interventions.