tiochar, E. cloacae, and DCD synergisticallyoptimizedtheactivitiesofsoilNcycling enzymes, promotingeticientN utilization. In addition,the activities ofthree soil enzymes related to soil qualitywereanalyzedinthisstudy(Fig.S3).Theactivitiesof dehydrogenaseandFDA hydrolase weresignificantlyincreasedintheFtDEtreatmentgroup, and the activity