3D printing as an innovative tool in personalized management of complex airway diseases: a literature review
作者信息Sara E Munkwitz, Emily A Todd, Shangtao Wu, Sidhu Gangadharan, Adnan Majid, Nicholas J Iglesias, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Lukasz Witek, Paulo G Coelho, Daniel H Buitrago
3DP enables anatomically tailored airway implants and promising regenerative scaffolds, but translation is limited by technical variability, regulatory complexity, and sparse long-term data; standardized protocols, rigorous trials, and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential to bring 3DP airway reconstruction into clinical practice.