CDK6/4通过使BAP1去泛素化酶失活并破坏VHL稳定性来促进肝脏转移性定植

Background: Single organ metastasis to liver typically occurs in uveal melanoma (UM) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Colonization in the host organ is a beachhead step of the metastasis process. The governing pathways of the seeding cells are far away clarified. Objective: This study aimed at deciphering governing pathways of the seeding cells that required for metastatic colonization and developing novel strategies against metastasis. Design: Mass spectrum analysis of Co-IP pellets was applied to identify the kinase and the substrates of BAP1. Findings were further validated using GST-pull down assay and the proximity ligation assay. The function of CDK6/4-BAP1-VHL signaling axis in promoting liver metastasis was investigated by UM and CRC mouse model. Results: Mass spectrum analysis of Co-IP pellets with anti-BAP1 revealed that VHL bound with BAP1. Their physical interaction was further confirmed by GST-pull down assay and proximity ligation assay. We mapped the interacting domains between BAP1 and VHL. In vivo ubiquination assay showed that BAP1 deubiquitinated VHL at K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chain and stabilized VHL protein. Further, exosomal CDK6/4 serine/threonine kinases were identified to phosphorylate BAP1 at S369 to inactivate BAP deubiquitinationase, forming CDK6/4-BAP1-VHL signaling axis. Functionally, BAP1 inhibited CSCs, EMT and metastatic colonization to liver in uveal melanoma and colorectal carcinoma via upregulating VHL protein, which was, however, reversed by targeting CDK6/4. Conclusion: In conclusion, VHL is a novel substrate of BAP; and BAP1 suppresses CSCs and metastatic colonization to liver via substrate VHL. These findings may shed lights on the mystery substrates of BAP1 and the underlying mechanism of colonization in liver and intervention targets. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-026-02650-5.