抗体应用

Dendritic cells (DC) are key regulators of the immune system. They are capable of stimulating lymphocytes to generate potent cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. DC not only activate lymphocytes, but can also educate T cells to tolerate self-anti ...

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) antigens (Ags) are integral membrane glycoproteins that have the unique capacity to bind prepro-cessed peptides, and present them to the immune system. These peptides are derived through a complex series of intracellular process ...

Major histocompatibility class I and II (MHC-I and MHC-II) antigens (Ags), as well as a variety of cell surface receptors, have been shown to enter the endocytic pathway of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). MHC Ags endocytose into clathrin-coated pits, which pinch off from the plasma membrane and ...

Dendritic cells (DC) that reside in tissues such as the epidermis, lung, or spleen, and those that circulate in the blood, are functionally and phenotypi-cally immature (1,2). In this immature or precursor state, DCs can process protein antigens (Ags), and phagocytose and process particulate m ...

Dendritic cells (DC) can be genetically engineered to constitutively express a gene of interest that could be either an immune-modulating cytokine, or an antigen (Ag) derived from a tumor/pathogen. There are numerous strategies for ex vivo transfer of genes or Ags into DCs. These include nonv ...

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been used extensively to study the generation of antigenic (Ag) peptides by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II (MHC-I and MHC-II) Ag processing pathways (1-5). The ease with which recombinants can be constructed makes VV ideally suited to asse ...

Alphavirus-based vectors have received considerable attention in the fields of antigen (Ag) presentation, epitope mapping, vaccinology, and gene therapy (1-12), because of their relative ease of manipulation, purification to high titers, and ability to express large amounts of pro ...

Crosslinking of molecules involved in the recognition of target cells elicits natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, inducing either release of preformed cytotoxic mediators via granule exocytosis, or (enhanced) expression of ligands for target cell membrane-associated mo ...

The subcapsular region of the kidney has frequently served as the site of choice for transplantation studies owing to a number of compelling reasons. High levels of vascularization provide a ready blood supply, whereas the subcapsular region itself can accommodate tissues of a range of size a ...

Experimental models of transplantation remain essential tools for the study of immunological tolerance. The immunological mechanisms resulting in acute allograft rejection may differ depending on the tissue transplanted and the antigenic mismatch between donor and recip ...

Although the etiology of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not yet been completely defined, the current prevailing hypothesis is that it is caused by aberrant immune responses, or loss of tolerance, toward components of the intestinal bacterial microflora. During the past deca ...

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a long-established mouse model of multiple sclerosis. The requirements for autoreactive T-cell activation in this disease have been characterized extensively and novel strategies for immune-intervention are being develo ...

The thymic microenvironment provides essential support for the generation of a functional and diverse population of human T cells. In particular, the three-dimensional (3D) thymic architecture contributes to critical cell-cell interactions. We report that thymic stroma, arra ...

T-cell development occurs principally in the thymus. Here, immature progenitor cells are guided through the differentiation and selection steps required to generate a complex T-cell repertoire that is both self-tolerant and has propensity to bind self major histocompatibility c ...

The movement of immune cells is an indispensable prerequisite for their function. All essential steps of cellular immunity rely on the ability of cells to migrate and to interact with each other. Although observation of these phenomena in vivo would be the most physiological approach, intra ...

Investigations into the mechanisms of immunological tolerance are currently hindered by a paucity of convenient markers, both for the identification and isolation of tolerant cell types and for monitoring the establishment of tolerance in in vivo models. Although high-affinity a ...

The immune system of vertebrate animals has evolved to respond to different types of perturbations (invading pathogens, stress signals), limiting self-tissue damage. The decision to activate an immune response is made by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are quiescent until they ...

Analysis of immune reconstitution is of major importance in clinical settings such as following bone marrow transplantation or during anti-retroviral treatment of HIV-infected patients. In these patients, thymic function is essential for the reconstitution of a diversified T- ...

In the thymus, immature CD4+8+ thymocytes expressing randomly rearranged T-cell receptor α- and β-chain genes undergo positive and negative selection events based on their ability to recognize self-peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expressed by thym ...

T lymphocytes express receptors (T-cell receptor) that are not only specific for antigenic peptide but also molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that present peptide on the surface of cells (MHC-restricted antigen recognition). However, the vast majori ...