抗体应用

Leukocyte recruitment to inflamed and lymphoid tissues is mediated by sequential adhesive interactions between specialized vascular receptors and their endothelial counterligands (1–3). Following rolling and arrest on the endothelium, circulating immune cells locomo ...

Angiogenesis is defined as the generation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones. Physiologic angiogenesis is a controlled and fundamental process during embryonic development, being rare in the adult and limited to conditions such as wound healing and menstrual cycle. If regula ...

Leukocyte migration into the brain represents a critical step in the inflammatory pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). Leukocytes extravasate through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during cerebrovascular diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, traumas, tum ...

Viruses modulate the chemokine network by encoding homologs of chemokines and chemokine receptors and secreted proteins that bind chemokines (1–3). These mechanisms have been identified in large DNA viruses such as herpesviruses and poxviruses. The exceptions are the chemokinel ...

Chemokines regulate a wide array of physiological and pathological processes, including physiological trafficking, inflammation, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1,2). All of these functions are mediated by si ...

With the development of antigen-specific T-cell-receptor (TcR) and B-cell-receptor (BcR) transgenic (Tg) mice, it is now feasible to track single, antigen-specific lymphocyte populations throughout the course of an immune response. Adoptive transfer of the transgenic cell popul ...

Leukocyte recruitment is a hallmark feature of the inflammatory response, which involves a sequential series of molecular interaction between the leukocyte and endothelial cells. First, leukocytes in the mainstream of blood flow come into contact with the endothelium and they roll a ...

Staphylococcal exotoxins (SE) are among the most common etiological agents that cause toxic shock (1). Similar to other superantigens, SE activates T cells polyclonally by binding simultaneously to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) on T cells and the major histocompatibili ...

The bacterial superantigens, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and the distantly related staphylococcal enterotoxin A and B (SEA and SEB) are potent stimulators of the immune system and cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from food poisoning, autoimmune diseases, and toxic sh ...

The use of antibodies to selectively destroy tumors has attracted attention since Paul Ehrlich’s dream about “magic bullets,” and it gained support from the demonstration by Pressman in the 1950s that antibodies can be employed to deliver radioisotopes to tumors in rodents. The promise of th ...

Cell-specific cytotoxic heteroconjugates are made by linking bacterial toxins (e.g., diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A) or plant toxins (e.g., ricin, abrin) to monoclonal antibody (MAb)/ligands that bind target antigens or receptors at the cell surface (1-3). Toxins used for the s ...

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has an annual incidence of 2.4 cases per 100,000 persons and is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults (1, 2). AML is a model for drug-resistant human cancers, and current therapies for AML possess a narrow therapeutic margin. The use of high-dose and intensive chemot ...

Immunotoxins (IT) constructed by conventional chemical means using heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents such as

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs, 1) are plant enzymes that damage ribosomes in an irreversible manner. They can be divided into type 1 RIPs, which are single-chain proteins, and type 2 RIPs, which are heterodimeric proteins consisting of an enzymatically active A-chain connected by a ...

Immunotoxins, characterized by tumor-specific cytotoxicity and high potency, have been developed as one of the new promising treatment modalities for primary malignant brain tumors (1–3). Fusion toxins bind to the cell-surface receptor specific for them, are internalized by recep ...

The major dose-limiting toxicity associated with ricin-conjugated immunotoxins (ITs) is vascular leak syndrome (VLS). IT-induced VLS appears to be dose dependent, occurs 2–4 d posttreatment (1–6), and is thought to be a result of the toxin moiety, rather than the targeting moiety, because VLS ...

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic immune regulatory cytokine that has been extensively studied in the last decade. Activated T-lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils (1–3) produce it. Consistent with the pleiotropic nature of this molecule, the receptors for IL-4 have been identifi ...

Current treatment for malignant gliomas, which includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, is associated with a poor prognosis (1, 2). Patients with glioblastoma multiforme have an estimated 2 yr survival of less than 20% (1). Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis carries an esti ...

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing tumor-associated antigens (TAA) have been widely used to selectively deliver toxic compounds to neoplastic cells. In most studies, tumor targeting was achieved by the use of immunotoxins (IT) generated by chemical conjugation of an antibo ...

The role of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in the survival of cancer cells and their potential use in anticancer therapy has led to their selection as anticancer drug targets. Tyrosine kinases which are being studied for this purpose include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (1–6), Jan ...