结构与功能

Reliable methods for obtaining sterile explants (i. e., that part of the parent plant introduced to in vitro conditions) are critical in tissue culture. Normally, explants are soaked in disinfectants in order to eliminate the coating layer of microorganisms ubiquitously found on plants. T ...

Plant tissues grown in vitro provide an ideal research tool for the study of a wide range of aspects of plant science. For example, they have been used in the investigation of both primary and secondary metabolism, cytodifferentiation, morphogenesis, plant tumor physiology, and the formation ...

This chapter is concerned with the use of mechanical and electronic techniques (i. e., the Automated Plant Culture System ) to aid in the sterile cultivation of plants for the purpose of prolonging culture life and/ or increasing yields over that obtained from conventional technology (bd1,bd2 ...

There have been numerous reports of enzyme synthesis in cultured plant cells and the presence of certain enzymes in the culture medium. Most of these studies have been performed in the context of the characterization of these enzymes from cell cultures. However, cell cultures-in particular t ...

The diverse group of compounds known as plant secondary products includes many compounds with pharmaceutical activity (e.g., morphine, vincristine), fragrances, pigments, latex, enzymes, and carbohydrates (2). The commercial production of such plant secondary metabolites ha ...

Plant cell culture, the growth of plant cells on solid medium or in liquid, was originally used to study the physiology and biochemistry of plants without the complication of the whole plant. However, it was soon found that plant cell cultures were often capable of producing compounds characteri ...

Plant cell culture has great potential as an alternative system for the production of phytochemicals normally extracted from whole plants, many of which have commercial value. Suspension cultures of plant cells have been shown to produce compounds characteristic of the original plan ...

Various immobilization strategies have been developed to optimize the biosynthetic potential of cultured plant cells. Immobilization involves the retaining of suspension-cultured plant cells on, or within, a physical barrier that promotes cell aggregation and separates the ...

This chapter ties together ideas introduced in previous articles of this volume in the search for ways to use plant cell cultures as industrial production systems. The economics of a process must always be carefully considered when examining the suitability of plant cell culture for the manu ...

Batch culture involves the inoculation of a known volume or mass of cells into a volume of (normally) defined medium. Growth is allowed to proceed, and the resulting biomass is harvested at some stage during the growth cycle. Throughout the growth period, no additions are made to the media, with the exce ...

Growth and organogenesis in vitro is highly dependent on the interaction between naturally occurring endogenous growth substances and an analogous growth regulator added to the medium. It is often necessary to alter the growth regulator composition and/or concentration for in vitro ...

The large-scale or mass cultivation of plant cells is the growth of plant cell suspensions at volumes above those normally produced in shake flasks, that is, above IL. Attempts to grow plant cells in fermenters or bioreactors started in the early 1960s with converted carboys. The area has developed ...

The chloroplast genome encodes a number of proteins, including thylakoid proteins and the large subunit of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, associated with the structure and function of the chloroplast (1-2). In addition, many components of the chloroplast translational machi ...

Mutants resistant to chemicals that inhibit growth (antimetabolites) are the most readily selected in plant cell cultures. A number of such mutants have been isolated, with resistance to amino acids and their analogs, base analogs, toxins from pathogenic microorganisms, herbicides, ...

The theory and goals of mutant selection from plant tissue cultures have been reviewed extensively over the past few years (I-5), and will only be dealt with in a cursory manner in this chapter. For more detail, the reader is encouraged to consult these review articles. The ideal plant tissue culture sys ...

Mutants are a valuable tool for solving many problems in physiology, genetics, and molecular biology. Soon after cell suspension and protoplast culture emerged as techniques in plant biology, they were applied to the isolation of selectable markers that were unavailable through class ...

Mutant plant cell cultures can be useful in the study of the physiology and genetics of plants, as well for the improvement of crops. For recent reviews of mutant cell selection from tissue cultures, the reader is referred to Duncan and Widholm (1), Bright et al. (2), Flick (3), and Chapters 39-42, in this vol. Oft ...

Plant tissue cultures are now well-recognized as valuable experimental systems for use in the study of host—pathogen interactions. These techniques have obvious major advantages for the examination of obligately biotrophic fungi and also those with a necrotrophic life style, and it is ...

Protoplast fusion provides a nonsexual system for the transfer of genetic information between cell types. This transfer can be between species, genera, families, or kingdoms, thereby allowing unique opportunities to study somatic cell genetics in plants. Individual chromosomes ( ...

Cryopreservation, that is, the viable storage of cells at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196�C), has wide relevance in many areas of pure and applied biology. Examples of its very successful use can be found in the storage of microbes and of semen (1). More recently, attention has been given to the dev ...