植物生理

The transfer of foreign genes to plant cells is most often performed using the biological vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1). This Agrobacterium-mediated introduction of cloned genes into plants has been widely used for promoter characterization using reporter genes, analys ...

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (1), because of their binding specificity and stability both in vivo and in vitro, are extremely useful tools in medicine, biology, and organic chemistry. The combination of hybridoma technology and recombinant DNA techniques have given access, not only to fu ...

Expression of foreign proteins in plants has become a standard technique in plant molecular biology. Various plant species have been used to produce mammalian proteins, such as human interferon (1) and serum albumin (2), as well as murine antibodies. Not only full-size antibodies (3–6) but also ...

Efficient production of transgenic plants is a prerequisite for the production of recombinant proteins in plants. In many dicotyledonous plants, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been well established. High efficacy and low cost make this the method of cho ...

Chromatographic techniques are widely used for the analysis of heme and its precursors. Recent and continuing improvements in column packing materials for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have led to much better column efficiency and resolution. There have also been ...

Tetrapyrroles are intensely colored natural products of vital importance in the biosphere for essential processes such as respiration and photosynthesis and are also of key importance as cofactors in a number of other enzyme reactions. Tetrapyrroles may either be linear in nature, as fo ...

There are thousands of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins, and hundreds of new derivatives appear each year. This variety arises because the cyclic conjugated tetrapyrrole nucleus (Figure 1) can have different substituents at the eight β-pyrrole positions, at the four meso carbon ato ...

Phycobiliproteins are a homologous family of light-harvesting accessory proteins present in cyanobacteria (25,51), red algae (25), cryptomonads (36,52), and some species of prochlorophytes (41,48). The blue, violet, red, or yellow colors of the phycobiliproteins are due to linear te ...

Photosynthetic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants, possess light sensing molecules that enable adaptation to fluctuations in intensity, direction, duration, polarization and spectral quality of light from their environment (26). The most well known of these photorecep ...

The term bilin is a collective one to describe a broad group of open chain tetrapyrroles and derives from the name “bile pigments” as the first of these compounds to be characterized were isolated from animal bile. These bilins, biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR), are the sequential products of heme de ...

The conversion of light energy into the free energy of organic compounds is the quintessence of photosynthesis. The primary process is the absorption of light by the antenna complexes and its transfer to the reaction center (RC) where photochemical energy storage take places. These are the mo ...

It is hard to believe that only some 30 years ago, it was a matter of debate whether chlorophyll (Chl) and other photosynthesis pigments are protein-bound or just dissolved in plant membranes. Philip Thornber, who vividly described this debate in his recollection of photosynthesis research in ...

Characterization of membrane proteins has always lagged behind that of soluble proteins, because most techniques of protein purification and structural study depend upon having a water-soluble preparation. The development of myriad classes of detergents over the past decades h ...

There are many techniques that can be used to purify and characterize proteins, but one especially caught my attention about 10 years ago. Is it possible to purify a protein using just water? A smart trick that does the job is aqueous 2-phase extraction. In 1958, Albertsson (2) found that when 2 aqueous solu ...

Heme is perhaps the most ubiquitous cofactor found in nature and the most functionally diverse. Hemoproteins are involved in cell respiration (cytochromes), oxygen-binding and transport (hemoglobin and myoglobin), oxidative bio transformations (cytochrome P-450 and perox ...

陆生或附生草本。叶小型，单叶，有中脉，螺旋状或轮状排列。孢子叶穗圆柱形或不明显，孢子囊单生于叶腋，孢子囊同型，扁状，1室。孢子为球状四面形，外壁有各式网纹。染色体：X＝11，13，17，23。杉科有2属，150余种，我国有2属，40余种，药用的有2属17种；石松科有6属，40余种，我国有5属，14种，药用的有4属，9种。

石松(伸筋草)是多年生常绿草本，匍匐茎蔓生，直立茎高30cm左右，二叉分枝。叶小，线状钻形，螺旋状排列。孢子枝高出营养枝。孢子叶罕生枝顶，形成孢子叶穗，孢子叶穗长2 5cm，单生或2 6个着生于孢子枝顶端；孢子囊肾形；孢子黄色，为三棱状锥形，外壁有网纹。分布于东北、内蒙、河南、长江流域以南地区。生于林下阴坡的酸性土壤上。全草能祛风散寒，舒筋活血，利尿通经；孢子可作丸药包衣。

垂穗石松(铺地娱处、灯龙草) 与石松相似，但茎叶较细弱，孢子叶穗无柄，下垂呈圆柱形。分布于华东、华南、西南等地。生于山区林缘阴湿处。全草能祛风湿，舒筋活血，镇咳，利尿。同属植物还有地刷子石松L. complanatum L.，用途同石松。

陆生植物，茎通常背腹扁平，横走。叶小型，单叶，有中脉，腹面基部有一叶舌，舌状成扇状，通常在成熟时即脱落。孢子叶穗四棱柱形或扁圆形。孢子囊二型，单生于叶腋之基部，1室。孢子异型，大孢子通常4枚，小孢子多数，均为球状四面形。染色体：X＝7一10。本科有1属，700余种，分布于全世界，我国约50余种，已知药用的25种。

翠云草与卷柏的区别：主茎伏地蔓生，禾杆色，有棱，侧枝疏生，多回分叉。营养叶二型，背腹各2列，淡绿色，嫩时有翠蓝色荧光。分布华东、华南、西南等地。生于山谷林下潮湿的地方。全草入药，能清热解毒，利湿，通络，止血生肌。