植物生理

The establishment of true breeding lines is a critical step for variety development in most crop plants. Traditionally, plant breeders have achieved homozygosity for all genes by using the time- and labor-intensive methods of self-fertilization or backcrossing. The phenomenon of par ...

Statistics and experimental design are important tools for the plant biotechnologist and should be used when planning and conducting experiments as well as during the analysis and interpretation of results. This chapter provides some basic concepts important to the statistical an ...

Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components under defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both basic and applied studies as well as in commercial application. It owes its origin to the ideas of the German scientist, H ...

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) provides a useful model to study embryo development in plants. In contrast to zygotic embryogenesis, SE can easily be observed, the culture conditions can be controlled, and large quantities of embryos can be easily obtained. In Coffea spp several model systems ha ...

Encapsulation-vitrification, which is a combination of encapsulation-dehydration and vitrification procedures, is a newly developed technique for cryopreservation of plant germoplasm. Here, we describe the protocol of this methodology, using grapevine (Vitis) as a model p ...

Callus and cell suspension can be used for long-term cell cultures maintenance. This chapter describes procedures for the induction of somatic embryos of garlic, keeping a regeneration capacity for more than 5 yr, as well as the maintenance of a tobacco suspension culture (NT-1 cells), for more t ...

Generation of somatic embryos in spruce is achieved through the execution of five steps designated as: (1) induction of embryogenic tissue, (2) maintenance of embryogenic tissue, (3) embryo development, (4) embryo maturation, and (5) conversion into plants. Depending on species and geno ...

An overview of the methods for assessing cell viability in in vitro cultures is presented. The protocols of four of the most commonly used assays are described in detail, so the readers may be able to determine which assay is suitable for their own projects using plant cell cultures.

A new type of bioreactor system for plant micropropagation is described that incorporates a number of features specifically designed to simplify its operation and reduce production costs. The BioMINT unit is a mid-sized (1.2 L) reactor that operates on the principle of temporary immersio ...

In cassava both direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis is described. Direct somatic embryogenesis starts with the culture of leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with auxins. Somatic embryos undergo secondary somatic embryogenesis when cultured on t ...

This chapter presents a protocol that will show ways to obtain photoautotrophic coconut in vitro plants and outlines protocol for improving photosynthesis and field performance. This protocol involves reducing sucrose concentration from the growing medium while simultaneo ...

Procedures to isolate native light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b complex (LHCIIb) and to reconstitute recombinant LHCIIb are described. Separation of trimeric from monomeric forms and free pigment by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation can be applied to both nati ...

In this chapter we describe isolation of loosely stacked lamellar aggregates of LHCII that are capable of undergoing light-induced reversible structural changes, similar to those in granal thylakoid membranes (LHCII, the main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting antenna complex of ...

Chorophylls and carotenoids are functionally important pigment molecules in photosynthetic organisms. Methods for the determination of chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene, neoxanthin, and the pigments that are involved in photoprotective cycles such as the xanthophylls are dis ...

The protocols regarding separation and purification of LHCII subcomplexes by non-denaturing isoelectric focusing (ndIEF), confirmation of trimeric nature of the subcomplexes, and establishing their polypeptide composition are described below.

A single-column method to purify the CP43 and CP47 pigment-protein complexes of photosystem (PS)II from higher plants is presented. To validate the isolation procedure, three different species were used (Spinacea oleracea, Beta vulgaris, and Glycine max), and the procedure worked sim ...

Glycerolipids of photosynthetic organisms are accounted for largely by thylakoid membrane lipids consisting of chloroplast-specific glycolipids, such as monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, and a sole ...

The largest light-harvesting pigment-protein complex of Photosystem II (LHCII) is an antenna complex comprising more than half of photosynthetically active chlorophyll pigments. Understanding photophysical processes in this pigment-protein complex and the relation ...

Manganese (Mn) and calcium (Ca) are both metal cofactors required for photosynthetic oxygen evolution (1). The functional roles for these ions in the O2-evolving reactions are not completely known. They are studied by comparative spectroscopic measurements between intact and metal ...

The chloroplasts contain an extensive system of internal membranes or thylakoids in which all the light-harvesting and energy-transducing processes of the photosynthesis are located. Thylakoids are differentiated into stacked membrane regions (or grana thylakoids) and non ...