植物生理

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) has the potential to be the lowest-cost method to rapidly produce large numbers of high-value somatic seedlings with desired characteristics for plantation forestry. At least 24 of the 115–120 known Pinus species can undergo SE. Initiation for most species wor ...

Phalaenopsis orchids have high economic value in the floriculture industry. Hybridization or cross-pollination in the breeding program have proven to be very reliable techniques for the production of a wide range of successful cultivars with attractive combinations of spray leng ...

With its beautiful trees, Citrus species have long been valued by humanity. The tasteful fruits, extensively used for nutrition, are also good for health due to the high content in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Like majority of the woody fruit plants, Citrus germplasm is conserved main ...

Cryopreservation (liquid nitrogen, −196�C) is the only safe and cost-effective option for long-term �conservation of genetic resources of non-orthodox seed species. Cryopreservation protocols have been developed for various materials including seeds, dormant buds, cell su ...

Tissue culture techniques play an important role in the utilization of wild Cicer species for the improvement� of cultivated chickpea. Utilization of wild Cicer species has become essential as a series of evolutionary bottlenecks have narrowed the genetic base of chickpea, thus making it ...

Among the major cucurbit vegetables, melon (Cucumis melo) has one of the greatest polymorphic fruit types and botanical varieties. Some melon fruits have excellent aroma, variety of flesh colors, deeper flavor, and more juice compared to other cucurbits. Despite numerous available mel ...

A number of genes and proteins are expressed in a tissue- or cell layer-specific manner. Spatial patterns of gene expression are critical to understanding gene function. Tissue printing provides a simple and rapid method to analyze localization of mRNA and protein at the tissue and cellular le ...

Embryo culture techniques have many significant applications in plant breeding, as well as basic studies in physiology and biochemistry. Immature embryo rescue and culture is a particularly attractive technique for recovering plants from sexual crosses where the majority of embr ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a superior noninvasive diagnostic tool widely used in clinical medicine, with more than 60 million MRI tests performed each year worldwide. More specialized high-resolution MRI systems capable of a resolution that is 100–1,000 times higher than stan ...

Epidermal and subepidermal cells in the abaxial, basal region of the maize (Zea mays L.) immature zygotic embryo (IZE) scutellum can be induced by exogenous auxin to proliferate and undergo somatic embryogenesis. Successful genetic transformation of IZEs depends not only on optimizing ...

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal food crop in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, and a key feed crop in Asia, whereas pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a staple food that supplies a major proportion of calories and protein to large segments of the populations living in the semi- ...

A critical step in the development of a robust Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation �system for cereal crop plants is the establishment of optimal conditions for efficient T-DNA delivery into target tissue, from which plants can be regenerated. Although, Agrobact ...

NB-LRR immune receptors in plants play dual roles as sentries and as activators of defense. The site in the cell where these activities take place can be different for different NB-LRRs. Furthermore, recognition and defense activation can occur in distinct subcellular compartments. Ther ...

The molecular mechanisms that mediate the intimate interaction of an adapted obligate biotroph, such as the powdery mildew Golovinomyces orontii, on its host plant are spatially and temporally distinct. As G. orontii exclusively infects epidermal cells with a dominant host response o ...

Obligate plant-parasitic nematodes, such as cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), form specialized feeding cells in host plant roots. These feeding cells provide the sole source of nutrition for the growth and reproduction of the n ...

The use of polyclonal antibodies enables the detection of proteins on a cellular and even subcellular level. Immunolocalization can be used on all pathosystems even if one or both partners of the interaction are unamenable to molecular tools like transformation. This chapter provides de ...

Assays to determine the role of pathogen effectors within an infected plant cell are yielding valuable information about which host processes are targeted to allow successful pathogen colonization. However, this does not necessarily inform on the cellular location of these interac ...

Effectors of plant pathogens play important roles in not only pathogenesis but also plant immunity. Plant pathogens use these effectors to manipulate host cells for colonization, and their activities likely influence the evolution of plant immune responses. Analyses of genome sequ ...

Pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes deliver diverse arrays of virulence or avirulence molecules, defined here as effectors, into the host cells. Effectors enable parasitic colonization by manipulating classes of biochemical, physiological, and morphological pr ...

The biolistic transient gene expression assay is a beneficial tool for studying gene function in vivo. However, biolistic transient assay systems have inherent pitfalls that often cause experimental inaccuracies such as poor transformation efficiency, which can be confused with ...