植物生理

Activation tagging is an important tool for gene discovery in plants. This method utilizes a T-DNA sequence that contains four tandem copies of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer sequence or promoters oriented outward to the T-DNA border sequences. These elements enhance the expre ...

Seed dormancy is a trait that is under multigenic control and affected strongly by environmental factors. Thus, seed dormancy is a typical quantitative trait. Natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit a great deal of genetic variation for seed dormancy. This natural variation ...

The seed is the dispersal unit of plants and must survive the vagaries of the environment. It is the object of intense genetic and genomic studies because processes related to seed quality affect crop yield and the seed itself provides food for humans and animals. Presently, the general aim of postge ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in gene regulation in many plant tissues and organs during various developmental stages. Previous studies have suggested the importance of gene regulation by miRNA in seeds. Characterizing the expression of miRNAs and their target genes in dor ...

The chromatin structure determines gene expression and thereby regulates developmental processes in the plant. The molecular mechanisms regulating the induction and release of seed dormancy are still largely unknown and the underlying changes in chromatin organization have ...

Mass spectrometry (MS) is rapidly becoming an indispensable tool for the analysis of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, and particularly histone PTMs that regulate physiological processes. The more traditional bottom-up approach of searching for modific ...

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to profile a variety of primary and secondary metabolites in whole intact plant seeds in vivo. The nondestructive nature of NMR spectroscopy allows direct metabolic studies to be performed on the same seed thr ...

The genus Trifolium Leguminosae (Fabaceae), commonly called clovers, includes 237–290 annual and perennial species, of which about 20 are important as cultivated and pasture crops. Taxonomic distribution supported by molecular analysis indicates that Mediterranean region is ...

In vitro fertilization (IVF) systems using isolated male and female gametes have been utilized to dissect fertilization-induced events in angiosperms, such as egg activation, zygote development, and early embryogenesis, since the female gametophytes of plants are deeply embedd ...

Zygotic embryo culture has proven itself an invaluable method in plant science for both pure and applied research. The composition of medium used to sustain embryos is a key to successful culture. Optimal composition of the medium changes during embryonic development; generally, the youn ...

To further understand the events occurring during embryogenesis, it is imperative to have an experimental system. While somatic embryo is the system of choice due to the prolific number and success of protocols available, it is necessary to compare in vitro results with those in vivo. This proce ...

Legumes are an important source of proteins and lipids for food and feed. In addition, they are �environmentally friendly because of their capacity to fix nitrogen through a symbiosis with Rhizobium that permits them to produce abundant proteins even in the absence of nitrogen fertilizati ...

Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants, and many of its species are highly valuable as herbal medicines and to the horticultural industry. To meet commercial requirements and to conserve natural resources, in vitro seed germination has been utilized to produce large ...

Coconut is a very important crop for millions of people in tropical countries. With coconut, in vitro culture protocols have been developed with two main objectives, viz. the large scale production of �particular types of coconuts and the international exchange and conservation of coconut ...

Predominant among the production constraints of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris are infestation of Ascochyta blight, Bean Golden Mosaic virus (BGMV), and Bean Fly. Interbreeding with Phaseolus �coccineus L. and/or Phaseolus polyanthus Greenm has been shown to provide P. vulgaris ...

Lentil seeds have provided an appreciated source of protein, carbohydrates and fibre to the diet of humans since the dawn of agriculture. Low amounts of variation have been detected in the cultivated lentil germplasm collections. Interspecific crosses allow for the introgression of im ...

Tropical Ilex species have recalcitrant seeds. This chapter describes protocols for long-term conservation of Ilex brasiliensis, I. brevicuspis, I. dumosa, I. microdonta, I. integerrima, I. paraguariensis, I. pseudoboxus, I. taubertiana, and I. theezans through cryopreservation ...

Plant propagation in vitro via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis is a complicated process requiring the proper execution of several steps, which are affected by culture conditions and environment. A key element for a successful outcome is the choice of the explants. Several studi ...

For Castanea sativa (European chestnut), a species with recalcitrant seeds that is not easily propagated vegetatively, cryopreservation is one of the most promising techniques for maintaining genetic resource diversity and for conservation of selected germplasms. Long-term ...

Immature zygotic embryos (IZEs) of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., a model species for plant �genomics, provide efficient explants for a simple, rapid, and effective system for inducing somatic embryogenesis (SE) under in vitro culture. The process of SE can be induced directly from expla ...