植物生理

The CACTA transposons, so named for a highly conserved motif at element ends, comprise one of the most abundant superfamilies of Class 2 (cut-and-paste) plant transposons. CACTA transposons characteristically include subterminal sequences of several hundred nucleotides conta ...

Digestion–ligation–amplification (DLA), a novel PCR-based genome walking method, was developed to amplify unknown sequences flanking known sequences of interest. DLA specifically overcomes the problems associated with amplifying genomic sequences flanking high copy n ...

The UniformMu transposon population is a large public resource for reverse genetics and functional genomics of maize. Users access the collection of UniformMu genetic stocks that are freely distributed by the Maize Cooperation Stock Center using online tools maintained at MaizeGDB ...

An introduction to MuDR/Mu transposons as mutagens is provided along with protocols for using these elements to tag maize genes. Selection for retention of Mutator activity is described as well as details for establishing and screening tagging populations efficiently.

The gel-based proteomics approach is a valuable technique for studying the characteristics of proteins. This technique has diverse applications ranging from analysis of a single protein to the study of the total cellular proteins. Further, protein quality and to some extent distribut ...

There has been an increase in the identification and characterization of plant receptor kinases possessing nucleotide cyclase activity. This has necessitated the development of robust methodologies for the structural and functional characterization of this biologically ...

Cyclic nucleotides (CNs) are intracellular second messengers that play an important role in mediating physiological responses to environmental and developmental signals, in species ranging from bacteria to humans. In response to these signals, CNs are synthesized by nucleotid ...

In higher plants guanylyl cyclases (GCs) and adenylyl cyclases (ACs) cannot be identified using BLAST homology searches based on annotated cyclic nucleotide cyclases (CNCs) of prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, or animals. The reason is that CNCs are often part of complex multifunctional ...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are nonselective cation channels found in plants, animals, and some bacteria. They have a six-transmembrane/one-pore structure, a cytosolic cyclic nucleotide-binding domain, and a cytosolic calmodulin-binding domain. Despite th ...

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases regulate cellular levels of small molecule second messengers that control important biological processes in all kingdoms of life. Identifying and characterizing these enzymes is necessary for basic research and pharmaceutical app ...

A number of studies have shown that functionally related genes are often co-expressed and that computational based co-expression analysis can be used to accurately identify functional relationships between genes and by inference, their encoded proteins. Here we describe how a compu ...

Cyclic nucleotides act in plant cell signal transduction cascades by activating cyclic nucleotide gated cation-conducting ion channels (CNGCs). Activation of CNGCs results in inward cation (including Ca2+) conductance across the plasma membrane. Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is ...

Nitric oxide (NO) is now well established as a signalling molecule in plants, regulating various physiological processes ranging from development to responses to pathogens and changes in the physical environment. Various methods for the detection of NO in plant tissue have been descri ...

Homeostatic maintenance of physiological and biochemical processes is a key requirement for survival and adaptive responses of multicellular organisms such as plants. These important processes are in part mediated by various plant enzymes and hormones, many of which are in part, con ...

Novel and improved analytical methods have led to a rapid increase in our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying plant signal transduction. Progress has been made both at the level of single-component analysis and in vivo imaging as well as at the systems level where transcript ...

Cyclic dinucleotides such as bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) and bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) represent important second messengers in bacteria. Although their synthesis has not been described in plants so far, t ...

Adenylate cyclases (ACs) are enzymes capable of converting adenosine-5′-triphosphate to cyclic 3′, 5′-�adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In animals and lower eukaryotes, ACs and their product cAMP have firmly been established as important signalling molecules with important rol ...

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a novel second messenger that releases calcium from intracellular stores. Although first shown to release calcium in the sea urchin egg, cADPR has been shown since to be active in a variety of cells and tissues, from plant to human. cADPR stimulates calcium release via ry ...

The cyclic nucleotide 3′,5′-cyclic guanyl monophosphate (cGMP) has been implicated in the regulation of important plant processes. To unravel its physiological role further, accurate recording of dynamic changes in cGMP concentration is necessary. Fluorescent sensors based on b ...

The application of patch- and voltage-clamp methods to study ion transport can be limited by many �hurdles: the size of the cells to be patched and/or stabbed, the subcellular localization of the molecule of interest, and its density of expression that could be too low even in their own native environm ...