植物生理

Dynamic networks of protein–protein interactions regulate numerous cellular processes and determine the ability of cells to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli. However, the study of protein complex formation in living plant cells has remained experimentally d ...

In the unicellular flagellated green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii several processes are regulated by the circadian clock. To study circadian controlled processes, the cell’s clock is synchronized in a 12 h light–12 h dark cycle (LD12:12) before the cells are released into constant con ...

Eukaryotes control many aspects of growth and development such as cell cycle progression and gene expression through the selective degradation of regulatory proteins by way of the 26S proteasome. Generally, proteasomal degradation requires the poly-ubiquitylation of degrad ...

Each process involved in the generation of plant body form and function is under the control of signals from the exogenous and/or endogenous plant environment. These controls are necessary for adequate plant adjustment to the prevailing conditions, but at the same time they impose the need for ...

Protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana have been isolated from a variety of explant sources with varying degree of success (1–3), Most workers have faced problems in achieving a high frequency of sustainable division of protoplasts in liquid culture. The problem can be alleviated to a certain e ...

The mapping of a large number of cloned sequences on yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones 1s a srgmficant technical challenge. Although yeast colony lifts are suitable for hybridizations with a limited number of probes, this approach can be difficult to scale up to accommodate hundreds ...

Since the pioneering studies of Klein et al. (1) and Chrtstou et al. (2) bombardment-mediated transformation has become a useful method for dehvermg foretgn genes mto plant cells (3). The process consists of acceleratmg particles to a speed at which they can penetrate the surface of the cell and be inc ...

The transfer of defined DNA segments mto plant cells 1s an established procedure to study regulation of gene expression (1,2). Techmques for direct DNA transfer and transient expression analysis of introduced genes provide a convenient alternative to stable transformation proced ...

Transgenic plants have become a very important tool for the study of gene function. The Agrobacterzum binary transformation system (1) allows the precise transfer of a defined piece of DNA (T‐DNA) to the plant genome (2,3) of many plant species. In this way, any desired DNA sequence can be mtroduced into ...

Genetic transformation and clonal propagation are techniques that play an important role in the identification and characterization of plant genes and their products. The Joint efforts to develop Arabidopszs thaliana as a model for genetic and molecular analysis of higher plants ha ...

Plant genetic transformation was initiated and developed m the 80s thanks to the convergence of constant progress m the protocol of regeneratton from tissue culture, molecular techniques leading to well-expressed marker genes after transfer m plant cells, and the dtverslficatlon of ...

Direct introduction of DNA into plant protoplasts facilitates a rapid analysis of transient gene expression, as well as the generation of stably transformed transgenic plants. Transient gene expression assays performed after DNA transformation permit a comparative analysis of ...

Chromosome walking is a versatile technique applicable to cloning virtually any gene of interest identifiable by mutations1. The prmciple of this approach consists of using a molecular probe (for instance, a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker) mapping near the target ...

Transposon tagging (1) is a method for the isolation of genes, which display a mutant phenotype, Mutants that contain the transposon insert are “tagged” with the transposon and often display the characteristic chimeric or variegated phenotype owmg to transposase-medtated excision. W ...

Chromosome walking and, more recently, chromosome landing experiments have been successfully used in higher plants to identify genes correlated with specific genetic 1oc1 (1,2; for a review, see ref. 3). In Arabidopsis thaliana, these strategies are mainly used for mapping recessive mu ...

Transposon tagging provides an effective method of isolating plant genes by identifying a mutation tagged by a DNA insertion, and then using the DNA tag to isolate the mutant gene (reviewed m ref. I). The first examples of this approach in plants involved transposon tagging in maize and Antirrhinum ...

Insertion mutagenesis has a major advantage over other types of mutagenesis in that it not only causes a disruption of the gene, but the insertion element serves as a vehicle for recovery of the flanking DNA. Two types of insertion mutagens used extensively in plants are T-DN As and transposons. Each of t ...

Messenger RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) can be defined as a technique for locating specific transcripts. This powerful technique opened the way to study the temporal and spatial patterns of expression of animal and plant genes in a morphological context and on a cell-to-cell basis. Most in situ ...

The study of gene regulation has been greatly enhanced by the use of reporter gene systems such as beta galactosidase (P-gal), neomycin phosphotransferase (APH11), chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), beta glucuronidase (GUS), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In the past s ...

As we trek into the uncharted territories of the genomic era, there is an urgency for the development of approaches for assigning functions to the multitude of uncharacterized genes. Although currently available knock-out methodologies could be used for uncovering the function of newly ...