植物生理

Isolated plant protoplasts can be induced to fuse with protoplasts from different species and, therefore, provide an ideal system for genetic modification and for use in plant breeding. Techniques for electrofusion of plant protoplasts have been developed relatively recently, and s ...

The rapid development of tissue culture and recombinant-DNA technology in recent years has enabled plants of many species to be regenerated from cultured cells and their genetic information to be manipulated in various ways. Gene transfer has already resulted in the production of a wide ran ...

The terms “meristem” and “shoot tip” culture have often been indiscriminately interchanged. According to Cutter 1), the apical meristem refers to only that portion of the shoot apex lying distal to the youngest leaf primordium. The shoot apex, or shoot tip, consists of the apical meristem and one to t ...

A number of plant species have now been transformed, but there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the optimal procedure to be adopted. Agmbacterium species have been used as vectors for the DNA in some instances, whereas in others direct uptake has been achieved following chemic ...

Electroporation utilizes high-voltage electric fields for cell permeabilization, This technique has been used for promoting the cellular uptake of exogenous molecules and macromolecules, including nucleotides, dyes, RNA, DNA, and even small proteins (1-7). Electroporatio ...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease on a wide range of dicotyledonous plants, has been used most widely as a vehicle for gene transfer into plants (1,2). The transferred genes are stably integrated into the genomes of the transgenic plants and are transmi ...

Experiments using plant tissue cultures, such as measuring their tolerance to herbicides or metabolite analogs, elucidating biochemical pathways by exposing the tissues to metabolic inhibitors, or cryopreserving the cultures, require at some point the determination of the tis ...

Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes a disease in susceptible dicotyledonous plants characterized by a proliferation of differentiated root tissue (hairy root) at the site of bacterial injection and following the transfer and integration of the T-DNA from the Ri-plasmid into the host p ...

The bacterial genus Agrobucterium includes two species of considerable interest to plant physiologists and pathologists alike. Infection by virulent strains of A. tumefaciens induces the formation of tumors and infection by A. rhizogenes the proliferation of roots in a wide range of d ...

Plant protoplasts can internalize a variety of particles ranging from molecules (e.g., ferritin) to entire (algal) protoplasts, a size rangeof 0.09-23 �m (1). This capacity to take up foreign bodies provides a powerful tool with which to investigate the functions of cell organelles. Also, prot ...

A number of different methods have been developed for the enucleation of cells, particularly mammalian cells. Centrifugation of cells adhering to a surface may lead to the nucleus being drawn out from the cytoplasm, resulting in the formation of an enucleated cell or cytoplast and a nucleus sur ...

Plant protoplasts are cells from which the cell wall has been removed enzymatically. Thus, they retain all the normal cell organelles plus the nucleus; the latter is capable of expressing totipotency through the conversion of the protoplast to the regenerated plant using tissue culture te ...

Plantlets cultured in vitro on agar-based media in a water-saturated atmosphere wilt rapidly when transferred to normal greenhouse or field conditions. Water is rapidly lost from the leaves because stomata fail to respond to those stimuli that normally induce closure (1-4), and poor devel ...

Maintenance of collections of succulent plants can be problematic, since many of these species are very susceptible to rots caused by bacteria and fungi. Rooting and establishment of cuttings can also be difficult. At Kew, methods for themicropropagation of cacti and other succulents have ...

Sexual reproduction in higher plants consists of a series of complex processes, including pollination, double fertilization, embryo differentiation, and seed formation. Development of methods for pollination and fertilization under controlled conditions in vitro has gre ...

The commercial cultivation of rosaceous fruit trees (e.g., pear, apple, cherry, peach, plum) relies heavily upon the quality and performance of the rootstocks. This is even more the case now that self-rooted scions produce larger trees with a longer juvenile phase (1). It would, therefore, be of spec ...

In this chapter, a method by which many fern species can be successfully grown from spores in axenic culture will be described. Unlike the conventional method of sowing the spores on compost, this method allows spore populations free from contamination by spores of other species to be sown. The meth ...

Pioneering research in Brassica microspore culture (1,2,3)rapidly led to the realization that microspores provide a powerful alternative to protoplast culture as a single-celled culture method in plants. These two single-celled systems are fundamentally different, both in ti ...

The initiation and development of embryos from differentiated tissue (somatic tissue) was first observed by Steward et al. (1) in 1958, but earlier researchers had already observed these formations in culture, without recognizing them as embryos.

The capacity of a cell to produce an embryo is not limited to the development of the fertilized egg. Cells of differentiated tissues (somatic tissues), which are first submitted to the action of an auxin and secondly transferred to a new medium without auxin, are capable of producing embryos (Fig. 1). It s ...