植物生理

The genetic transformation of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, offers the opportunity to study the mechanisms involved in the regulation of benzylisoquinoline and morphinan alkaloid biosynthesis. The development of an efficient transformation protocol for opium poppy has a ...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is best known for its ability to transform plants by delivering the T-DNA that is processed and transferred from the resident Ti plasmid to the recipient plant cells. Less well known is the capacity of this Gram-negative bacterium to transfer its T-DNA into fungi and ac ...

A better understanding of fungal biology will facilitate judicious use of beneficial fungi and will also advance our efforts to control pathogenic fungi. Molecular studies of fungal biology have been greatly aided by transformation-mediated mutagenesis techniques. Transfor ...

This protocol describes the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated nuclear transformation of a microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using a gene construct carrying the genes coding for β-glucuronidase (gus), green fluorescent protein (gfp), and hygromycin phosphotra ...

Agrobacterium most likely can transform virtually all known plant species, and experimental protocols for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of yet more plant species, ecotypes, and cultivars are published almost on a daily basis. Interestingly, the Agrobacter ...

We have devised an easy and effective genetic transformation method for the preeminent edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Our method exploits the T-DNA transfer mechanism in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and relies on the reproductive fruiting body as the recipient tissue. The use of fr ...

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the best characterized eukaryotic organisms. This species has enabled a detailed study of the (genetic) requirements for Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transformation. For instance research with this yeast has led to the recognition that t ...

Arabidopsis can be grown in a variety of environmental settings including growth rooms, wmdow ledges, outdoors, growth chambers, and greenhouses. The growth media that can be employed include soil, commercial greenhouse mixes, vermrcuhte, and other relatively inert media watered wt ...

One of the many reasons for the popularity of Arabidopszs as an experimental system IS the ease with which mutant screens can be carried out on Petrt plates under sterile conditions. Petri plate screens have been successful for a number of reasons. First, large numbers of mutagenized seed can be easi ...

When growing Arabidopsis as an experimental orgamsm, the best standards of hygiene should be adopted to ensure uniform plant growth, representative populations are mamtamed for mapping analysis, and potentially useful new mutants are not lost m the early fragile stages of screening. Ar ...

Regeneration of plants by micropropagation of in vitro cultures can be achieved from organ primordia existing m shoot tips and axillary bud explants. Alternatively, plants can be regenerated from unorganized callus tissues derived from different explants by dedifferentiation i ...

Cell suspension cultures are rapidly dividing homogenous suspensions of cells grown in ltqutd nutrient media from which samples can be precisely removed (1). Cell suspensions are used for generating large amounts of cells for quantitative or qualitative analysis of growth responses ...

Gene transfer technology is particularly useful for fruit crops where breeders are faced with long generation times because of the relatively long periods of juvenility associated with perennial plants. Also, the highly heterozygous nature of the germplasm requires the evaluation ...

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the world’s fourth major food crop. The potato is ideally suited for improvement by modern genetic manipulation methods, as it is highly amenable to a wide range of various tissue-culture techniques (1). In recent years, a combination of cellular and molecular a ...

Arabidopsis thaliana has been widely used in studies on basic plant physiology and biochemistry as well as in plant molecular genetic manipulations and developmental biology research because of its small genome, low chromosome number, short regeneration time (4–6 wk), availability ...

Plant genetic manipulation by transformation is the insertion of DNA directly into the genome of a plant cell, and the regeneration of whole plants from such cells. This is brought about by human intervention using a combination of plant tissue-culture techniques, molecular biology, and mi ...

Patterns in the localization of compounds, metabolic processes, and regulatory machineries at the cellular and subcellular levels are studied by scientific disciplines, called cytochemistry (biochemistry of the cell, cellular topochemistry) or histochemistry, if the tiss ...

The use of reporter genes in transgenic plants provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the ways in which promoters and other regulatory elements regulate gene expression. Neomycin phosphotransferase II (1), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (2), luciferase (3), and β ...

The selectable marker gene so far most frequently used in plant transformation experiments is the well-known nptII or neomycin phosphotransferase II gene, also referred to as aph(3′)II or aminoglycoside phosphotransferase II (1). Derived from the bacterial transposon Tn5, the gene pr ...

Proper preservation of strains is of great importance to all microbiologists. Working with contaminated or genetically changed cultures, or facing the loss of a strain are annoyances that often may be easily prevented. A reliable preservation method should fulfill the following crit ...