植物生理

Gene expression is regulated at several levels in plants, and one of the most recently discovered regulatory layers involve short RNAs. Short RNAs are produced through several pathways and target either mRNAs or genomic DNA. Different classes of short RNAs have slightly different sizes and ...

Rapid advances in the field of plant biology, especially in plant cell biology, have created the need for methods that allow the localization of proteins in situ at subcellular resolution. Although in many cases recombinant proteins with fluorescent proteins can fulfill this task, antibo ...

Gene expression can be analyzed at high spatial resolution via RNA in situ detection methods. For many tissues and species, these will be performed on sections of embedded and fixed plant material. When very small or fragile tissues, such as embryos or roots are being investigated, whole mount met ...

A dramatic change in the life cycle of plants is the transition to flowering, which is triggered by both environmental signals, such as temperature and photoperiod, and endogenous stimuli. The dicotyledonous annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana is widely used as a model organism to study how th ...

Plant growth is readily analysed at the macroscopic level by measuring size and/or mass. Although it is commonly known that the rate of growth is determined by cell division and subsequent cell expansion, relatively few studies describing growth phenotypes include studies of the dynamics ...

Light is one of the most important exogenous factors regulating plant development throughout the entire life cycle. Light is involved in the breaking of seed dormancy, the regulation of photomorphogenic seedling development, the adaptation of plant morphology toward spectral com ...

Plant post-embryonic development takes place in the meristems. In the root of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, stem cells organized in a stem-cell niche in the apex of the root meristem generate transit-amplifying cells, which undergo additional division in the proximal meristem and ...

Grafting as a means to connect different plant tissues has been enormously useful in many studies of long-distance signalling and transport in relation to regulation of development and physiology. There is an almost infinite number of pairwise graft combinations that can be tested, typi ...

Reverse genetics has proven to be a powerful approach to elucidating gene function in plants, particularly in Arabidopsis. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one such method and achieves reductions in target gene expression as the vector moves into newly formed tissues of inoculated ...

Targeted gene manipulation has been used in the last few decades for better understanding of gene function. Most often mutant or overexpression genotypes are analyzed, but in many cases these are not sufficient to obtain a detailed picture on the mode of action of the corresponding protein. For e ...

Several systems for induction of transgene expression in plants have been described recently. Inducible systems were used mainly in tobacco, rice, Arabidopsis, tomato, and maize. Inducible systems offer researchers the possibility to deregulate gene expression levels at partic ...

Arabidopsis trichomes are giant single epidermal cells that are easily accessible for genetic, genomic and cell-biological analysis. They have therefore become a convenient model system to study developmental and physiological processes. Trichome studies are greatly facil ...

The study of leaf expansion began decades ago and has covered the comparison of a wide range of species, genotypes of a same species and environmental conditions or treatments. This has given rise to a large number of potential protocols for today’s leaf development biologists. The final size of the l ...

The shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana contains a reservoir of pluripotent stem cells that functions as a continuous source of new cells for organ formation during development. The SAM forms during embryogenesis, when it becomes stratified into specific cell layers and zones ...

Recombinant protein pharmaceuticals are now widely used in treatment of chronic diseases, and several recombinant protein subunit vaccines are approved for human and veterinary use. With growing demand for complex protein pharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, manu ...

Chromosome analysis and sorting using flow cytometry (flow cytogenetics) is an attractive tool for fractionating plant genomes to small parts. The reduction of complexity greatly simplifies genetics and genomics in plant species with large genomes. However, as flow cytometry requ ...

Hybridization experiments of oat with maize require fastidious coordination of plant cultivation and flowering timing, meticulous crossing techniques, stimulation with plant growth substances, and in vitro rescue and culture of the hybrid embryos. The majority of hybrid offsp ...

Triticeae species have a large and complex genome, which has made it difficult to obtain their sequence data. Some alien chromosomes called the gametocidal (Gc) chromosomes introduced into common wheat can induce chromosomal breakage resulting in the generation of deletions and tran ...

We developed a simple technique to mechanically stretch maize pachytene chromosomes more than 20 times longer than their original size. A modified Carnoy’s II solution (6:3:1) ethanol:acetic acid:chloroform was used to fix the meiotic sample. The super-stretched pachytene chromos ...

Advances in sequencing technology have led to the availability of complete genome sequences of many different plant species. In order to make sense of this deluge of information, functional genomics efforts have been intensified on many fronts. With improvements in plant transformat ...