前沿科技及其它

Innovations for the development of cancer vaccines are emerging from advances in molecular immunology and cancer biology (1). Of these, DNA-based vaccination has become a powerful and potentially versatile method for eliciting an immune response against cancer. One method for DNA imm ...

Originally, the term “antibody” referred to an unknown entity in serum, which had the capacity to neutralize pathogenic bacteria. Ehrlich discovered that the socalled antibody had to be a discrete substance, and was the first to propose a theory on antibody formation (1). A few years later, he hypot ...

In recent years, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has increased dramatically (54% from 1975 to 1990), and in 1996, approx 30,000 new cases were diagnosed in the United States (1). In the same year, an estimated 12,000 RCC-related deaths occurred in the United States. The increased incidence of ...

It has been known for over 50 years that the amount of nuclear chromatin (DNA) in malignant neoplasms differs from that of homologous normal cells (1). More recently, it has been shown that nuclear DNA content correlates with the clinical outcome of various human neoplasms including urologic mal ...

Tobacco smoke and alcohol are major risk factors for a variety of cancer sites, including those of the gastrointestinal tract. Tobacco smoke contains a great number of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, including polycyclic carbohydrates, nitrosamines, and nicotine, while eth ...

Energy intake, physical activity, and obesity are modifiable lifestyle factors. This chapter reviews and summarizes the epidemiologic evidence on the relation of energy intake, physical activity, and obesity to cancer. High energy intake may increase the risk of cancers of colon —rect ...

Cancer of the breast is a significant health problem for women from the time of diagnosis through the treatment and survivorship trajectory. The disease and treatments are an assault to a woman's body, resulting in sequelae that can be debilitating. Although women diagnosed with breast cancer ...

Exposure to metallic compounds is ubiquitous, with its widespread use in industry and its presence, mostly in trace amounts, in the environment. This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence of the relation between lung cancer and exposure to metallic compounds by building on and updating ...

Childhood leukemia is the most common cancer among children, representing 31% of all cancer cases occurring in children younger than the age of 15 years in the USA. There are only few known risk factors of childhood leukemia (sex, age, race, exposure to ionizing radiation, and certain congenital di ...

Genetic epidemiology studies in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) have the potential to radically improve assessment of disease risk such that more individualised information can be provided to patients susceptible to developing disease. Studies of HNPCC i ...

This chapter posits that cancer is a complex and multifactorial process as demonstrated by the expression and production of key endocrine and steroid hormones that intermesh with lifestyle factors (physical activity, body size, and diet) in combination to heighten cancer risk. Excess w ...

Despite a major decline in incidence and mortality over several decades, stomach cancer is still the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in the world. There is a 10-fold variation in incidence between populations at the highest and lowest risk. The incidence is p ...

Prostate cancer is the number one killer in the United States. A comparison of US and Japanese population is discussed in this chapter to identify risk factors for prostate cancer. Screening of prostate cancer is common among Americans, but not among Japanese. A comparison of survival in differe ...

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men in the Western world. In the United States, it is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths after lung and bronchus carcinoma. No definitive causes of prostate cancer (PCa) have been identified to date but, increasing age, a positive fam ...

Ovarian cancer represents the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world, and causes more deaths per year than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Despite the high incidence and mortality rates, the etiology of this disease is poorly understood. Establish ...

It is estimated that almost 1.5 million people in the USA are diagnosed with cancer every year. However, due to the substantial effect of modifiable lifestyle factors on the most prevalent cancers, it has been estimated that 50% of cancer is preventable. Physical activity, weight loss, and a reducti ...

The 20th century witnessed the scourge of lung cancer as the disease rapidly rose the ranks to become the commonest cause of cancer mortality in the world. Epidemiological evidence conclusively associated cigarette smoking with the causation of lung cancer in the 1950s. Since then and the few d ...

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare malignancy, but its incidence has been rising during the last decades and varies between 2.9/1,000,000 and 5.7/1,000,000. The epidemiology of PFTC has been sparsely studied. In Finland, the incidence rate has been rising during the last decades. T ...

Colonic carcinogenesis is characterized by progressive accumulations of genetic and epigenetic derangements. These molecular events are accompanied by histological changes that progress from mild cryptal architectural abnormalities in small adenomas to eventual in ...

The risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) is influenced by several acquired risk factors, including environmental exposures and comorbid medical conditions that are partially genetic in nature. These risk factors are based on data almost exclusively derived from observati ...