影像系统

Reflectometry is classified in comparison to the commercialized refractometric surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The advantages of direct optical detection depend on a sophisticated surface chemistry resulting in negligible nonspecific binding and high loading with reco ...

Optical label-free detection prevents the cost and complexity of fluorescence and radio labeling while providing accurate quantitative and kinetic results. We have developed a new optical label-free sensor called the liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR). The LCORR integra ...

The resonant mirror (RM) biosensor is a leaky waveguide-based instrument that uses the evanescent field to probe changes in the refractive index at the sensing surface.The RM can therefore be used to monitor in real-time and label-free the interaction between an analyte in solution and its bio ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors belong to label-free optical biosensing technologies. The SPR method is based on optical measurement of refractive index changes associated with the binding of analyte molecules in a sample to biorecognize molecules immobilized on the S ...

A platform to detect multiplex fluorescent labels was developed based on liquid phase implementation of the Integrating Waveguide Sensor detection principles. The liquid sample is held in a capillary cuvette with a lens at one end. The excitation light incident on the cuvette at 90� angle. The e ...

In life sciences, the problem of very small volume of sample, analytes, and reagents is often faced. Micro-fluidic technology is ideal for handling costly and difficult-to-obtain samples, analytes, and reagents, because it requires very small volume of samples, in order of μL or even nL. Among many ...

The Integrating Waveguide Biosensor was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial cells, spores, and toxins. A sandwich format of immunoassay was employed using Salmonella as model. The analyte was immunocaptured on the inner surface of the waveguide and then detected by t ...

Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are widely used for the weak light detection in some types of biosensors. A light detection system for biosensors based on PMT generally contains optic fibers, PMT, and filters. Basic principles of those accessories were provided in this chapter. The guides to sele ...

Microfluidic devices are revolutionary in their ability to use very small quantities of liquid samples and to perform biochemical analyses with unprecedented speed. Toward the goal of a lab-on-a-chip that integrates a series of analysis steps and analytical components into a single mic ...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is a powerful tool for biomolecular interaction analysis in proteomics research and drug discovery. But when it is used to analyze small molecules, the sensitivity still needs enhancement. Phase detection is a potential solution, for phase ch ...

An integrated circuit (IC) of photodiode array (PDA) microchip system was used for the on-chip detection of E. coli O157:H7 based on an enzymatic bioassay and light absorption property of the reaction product. The PDA microchip consisting of an array of 12 � 12 photodiode detection elements served ...

Many sensors and biosensors are based on the detection of optical changes in the sensing phase. In order to build a stand-alone sensing device, a miniature and low-cost detection system is critical. Here, the method for manufacturing the most critical part (the photodetector) is described in de ...

Filters are a critical element in fluorescence detection used by many biosensors. One of the main limitations of the conventional optical filters used in biosensors is that they are limited to a single wavelength operation while numerous wavelengths are used in a typical fluorescence det ...

In recent years, there have been unprecedented methodological advances in the dynamic imaging of brain activities. Electrophysiological, optical, and magnetic resonance methods now allow mapping of functional activation (or deactivation) by measurement of neural activity ...

We introduce the concept of spatial and temporal complexity with emphasis on how its fractal characterization for 1D, 2D or 3D hemodynamic brain signals can be carried out. Using high-resolution experimental data sets acquired in animal and human brain by noninvasive methods – such as laser D ...

Astrocytes are electrically non-excitable cells that, on a slow time scale of seconds, integrate synaptic transmission by dynamic increases in cytosolic Ca2+. A number of groups have recently shown that astrocytic Ca2+ signaling regulates vascular tones and that astrocytes play a cent ...

Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is an efficient tool to study cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cellular activity in depth in the brain. We describe here the advantages and weaknesses of the olfactory bulb as a model to study neurovascular coupling using TPLSM. By combining intra- and ex ...

This chapter presents three examples of imaging brain activity with voltage- or calcium-sensitive dyes. Because experimental measurements are limited by low sensitivity, the chapter then discusses the methodological aspects that are critical for optimal signal-to-noise rat ...

Visualization of changes in reflected light from in vivo brain tissues reveals spatial patterns of neural activity. An important factor which influences the degree of light reflected includes the change in light scattering elicited by neural activation. Microstructures of neural t ...

How do populations of neurons work together to control behavior? To study this issue, our group simultaneously records from populations of neurons across multiple electrodes in multiple brain regions during operant behavior. Here, we describe methods for quantifying the relations ...