影像系统

In this chapter, we present the uPAINT method (Universal Point Accumulation Imaging in Nanoscale Topography), a simple single-molecule super-resolution method which can be implemented on any wide field fluorescence microscope operating in oblique illumination. The key feature ...

Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and the related technique of Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are super-resolution imaging methods based on the precise localization of single molecules. Instruments based on these techniques are now co ...

STED microscopy is a novel fluorescence microscopy technique that breaks the classic diffraction barrier of optical microscopy. It offers the chance to investigate dynamic processes inside living cells with a spatial resolution well below 100 nm, possibly even down to a few nanometers, ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization on three-dimensionally preserved cells (3D-FISH) is an efficient tool to analyze the subcellular localization and spatial arrangement of targeted DNA sequences and RNA transcripts at the single cell level. 3D reconstructions from serial opti ...

Optical microscopy has become a key technology in the life sciences today. Its noninvasive nature provides access to the interior of intact and even living cells, where specific molecules can be precisely localized by fluorescent tagging. However, the attainable 3D resolution of an optic ...

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an especially powerful tool for visualizing live cellular events. Fluorescent molecules alone provide broad information about the expression and localization of proteins and other molecules; however, the tempor ...

Some mRNAs localize to specific regions within eukaryotic cells to express their functions. The movement and localization of mRNA molecules provides valuable information about how they concentrate to particular regions. Recent technical advances in optical microscopy and ima ...

To dissect the astonishing complexity of the biomolecular machinery functioning within a cell, imaging has been an integral tool in biology, allowing researches to “view” the detailed molecular biology responsible for coordinating cellular life. To visualize the molecular compo ...

The study of tooth form is informative about the relationship between teeth and the material properties of foods consumed. Studies of dental functional morphology depend on precise characterization of relevant aspects of crown form; the occlusal surfaces of primate molar teeth are stu ...

In Forensic Anthropology age diagnosis of unidentified bodies significantly helps in the identification process. Among the set of established aging methods in anthropology tooth cementum annulation (TCA) is increasingly used due to its narrow error range which can reach 5 years of age in ...

Estimating the age at death in the adult skeleton is problematic owing to the biological variability in morphological age indicators and the differential response to environmental factors over an individual’s life. It is becoming increasingly important for anthropologists to imp ...

Studies on adult bones have demonstrated age-associated accumulation of histomorphological characteristics that have been used to develop age at death estimation methods. These methods are unsuitable for use with subadult bones because the rapid and extensive turnover and repl ...

Teeth contain an incremental record of their growth in the form of periodic growth markings that are literally embodied within the structure of enamel. These can be revealed when ground sections of teeth are prepared for transmitted light microscopy. This chapter sets out one method for estim ...

This chapter is an approach to bone pathology for a scientist rather than a histopathologist. It deals with the approach to cutting the bone biopsy, the relative merits of one method over another. The chapter also discusses the importance of correlation with both known clinical information, ra ...

Production of stained tissue sections for examination by light microscopy is a step-wise process which begins with preservation of tissue (fixation), then dehydration and clearing of the tissue, and finally impregnation with wax (processing). Mineralized tissues such as bone and tee ...

The successful embedding of bone or any sample for reflected light or electron microscopy is crucial to the success of any analysis that might follow. Different materials present different embedding challenges, and here we discuss bone. Embedding is developed often as an adapted in-house p ...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been almost universally applied for the surface examination and characterization of both natural and man-made objects. Although an invasive technique, developments in electron microscopy over the years has given the microscopist a much cle ...

Mild heating (≤100� C, 1 h)—typical of cooking—does not lead to detectable changes in any biochemical parameter yet measured; consequently bones that have been cooked, but which have not reached a temperature that will induce charring go undetected. We have used a microscopy based approach to in ...

White light confocal microscopy creates detailed 3D representations of microsurfaces that can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The study describes its application to the analysis of cut marks on bone, particularly when discerning cuts made by steel tools from those ma ...

Bone color changes depending upon the taphonomic agents that affect it. Burning turns bone black, brown, blue, gray, and white as the bone’s temperature increases and collagen is lost. It also creates diagnostic fractures that are visible at the gross level. Usually heat-altered bone is readily ...