神经生物学

A protocol presents a purification of postsynaptic density (PSD), from rat brain by subcellular fractionation using solubilization of membrane with Triton X-100 and sucrose density centrifugation. The protocol also includes purification of other synapse subdomains such as syn ...

Accurate annotation of protein identifications in organellar proteomics highly depends on the sample quality with special respect to contaminations from other subcellular compartments. In this respect, Free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) offers a valuable alternative to cla ...

Dissection of brain tissue is an important step in sample preparation for (subcellular) proteomics studies. In this chapter, brain removal and separate dissection of multiple brain regions from a single brain are described in step-by-step protocol. This concerns dissection from fresh ...

Neuroproteomics is a branch of proteomics that specifically studies qualitatively and/or quantitatively the tissue/organelle proteomes of the nervous system. This chapter introduces the various aspects of neuroproteomics, and outlines the range of methods that are commonly ...

Modeling human disease in animals has traditionally been used to elucidate pathogenesis and test promising new approaches to treatment. This approach has now identified a plethora of interventions that ameliorate functional deficits associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) in ro ...

The cat can recover a robust pattern of hindlimb locomotion following partial or complete spinal cord injuries. As a result, it has been instrumental in our understanding of spinal networks controlling and regulating locomotor activity. Thanks to our feline friend, spinal cord-injured ...

This chapter gives reasons for the choice of rabbit in experimental neurobiology and includes descriptions of both the spinal cord injury models and behavioral neuroscience methods. The models provide mechanisms for hypothesis generation that can be investigated at molecular and ...

Most animals of contused, compressed, or transected spinal cord injury require that a laminectomy is performed. However, increasing evidence suggests that laminectomies may induce undesirable effects including neuropathic pain, spinal instabilities, longer anesthetic a ...

Dorsal root injury provides opportunities for highly reproducible lesions and for detailed anatomical, physiological, and behavioral outcome assessment with high precision and validity. Dorsal root injury models are used to several aspects of relevance to spinal cord injury re ...

Following severe spinal cord injury (SCI), brain locomotor command systems are disconnected from spinal motor networks, resulting in paralysis caudal to the lesion. In higher vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, the CNS is a restrictive environment for axonal regeneration. As a result, ...

Spinal injury is produced by traumatic and nontraumatic causes that often induce long-term disability. In order to limit tissue damage and functional impairment, it is important to intervene at an early stage after the primary insult to restrain damage extension. This objective is diffic ...

The spinal cord constitutes a key structure of the central nervous system. It is involved in the transmission of signals between the brain and the rest of the body through numerous ascending and descending pathways. It also contains relatively simple reflex arcs as well as more complex neuronal c ...

The anatomical pattern of damage following upon traumatic injury to the human spinal cord is dependent upon the manner in which the injury is sustained. Hyperflexion typically results in anterior spinal cord injury, hyperextension in central spinal cord injury, stab wounds in hemisect ...

This chapter reflects the yearning for discoveries within the field of spinal cord injury (SCI) and points out the difficulties, opportunities, as well as possibilities to relate and translate the results from basic science to clinical management. After a brief presentation of “spinal co ...

Animal models are indispensable for research on central nervous system disorders and particularly relevant and useful in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. In contrast to neurodegenerative diseases, trauma inflicted to animals is inherently similar (albeit not identical) to the s ...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable in vivo imaging method for investigating experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). In this chapter a variety of MRI techniques will be described including anatomical, functional, and cellular MRI. The benefits and challenges of each technique ...

A serious complication of aortic cross clamping during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair surgery is ischemic spinal cord injury (ISCI) and subsequent postoperative paraplegia. Several experimental models have been developed in various species that repr ...

Nonhuman primate models (NHPs) of spinal injury and repair play an increasingly important role in the translation of promising rodent data to the spinal injured patient. This chapter discusses why NHP models of spinal injury are important and provides a description of each of the different le ...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons and a chronic loss of motor functions. The investigation of progressive degenerative mechanisms and possible neuroprotective approaches for PD depends upon the development of an exp ...

Rapid changes in extracellular dopamine concentrations in freely moving or anesthetized rats can be detected using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Background-subtracted FSCV is a real-time electrochemical technique that can monitor neurochemical transmission in t ...