神经生物学

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that provides information about cellular microstructure through measurements of water diffusion. Because inferences about neuroanatomy can be made from DTI, this methodology has been used to charac ...

Brain injury resulting from cerebral ischemia is a significant clinical problem. Stroke (focal cerebral ischemia) is the third leading cause of death in the United States. In addition, approximately 500,000 people annually in the United States suffer brain injury after global brain isc ...

Sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of abused drugs provides a behavioral measure thought to reflect underlying neural adaptations to repeated drug exposure. Neurochemical measures have provided information about the specific neural systems impacted and alt ...

Clinical/behavioral measures have traditionally been used to assess neurologic outcomes after human traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in experimental models of TBI. In this chapter, we address the metrics to assess injury/recovery in human TBI and consider the determinants of out ...

Label-free strategies for quantitative proteomics provide a versatile and economical alternative to labeling-based proteomics strategies. We have shown for different types of biological samples that spectral counting-based label-free quantitation is a promising aven ...

The combined use of liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in proteomics research has proven to be a valuable asset in the success of this field of science. Advances in LC-MS-MS technology have allowed researchers to identify an increasing number of proteins f ...

Phospholipidomics by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry, including sample preparation, instrumental analyses, and data interpretation, is described in the chapter.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains peptides and proteins important for brain physiology and potentially also relevant to brain pathology. Therefore, CSF provides an attractive source for biomarker discovery in brain and neurological diseases. CSF proteomics provides an anal ...

A suite of bioactive peptides orchestrates a variety of cellular interactions in the mammalian brain. A new bioanalytical strategy, neuropeptidomics, has evolved from the quest to characterize these important signaling peptides (SPs). The goal of a neuropeptidomics experiment is ...

Neuroproteomic technologies are crucial for a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity and pathologies of the central nervous system. For a comprehensive neuroproteomic analysis, high-resolution high-throughput techniques are i ...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine neurons. Here, we describe how to use human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro cell model to study the effects of candidate PD susceptibility genes on dopamine neuron differentiation and viability. This ce ...

The covalent attachment of the small protein ubiquitin to other proteins is known to control a host of biological pathways and is emerging as an important regulatory factor in various processes specific to the nervous system. Ubiquitination is also tightly linked to most neurodegenerat ...

Recent progress in mass spectrometry allowed the identification of numerous proteins in complex soluble mixtures; however, the analysis of membranous subproteomes is still a challenging task. Integral membrane proteins, in particular those with more than one transmembrane dom ...

Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in biological process such as cell differentiation, cell cycle control, metabolism, and apoptosis. Toward global analysis of the phosphoproteome, enrichment is an essential step to overcome analytical challenges associated w ...

The 1D-PAGE/LC-ESI MS/MS approach is widely used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteomes ranging from low to high complexity. As the first dimension of separation is based on SDS-PAGE, this method is compatible with the analysis of all classes of proteins including hydrop ...

The proteomic analysis at the peptide level is increasingly becoming a method of choice for complex samples. The success, however, depends on the development of attractive peptide fractionation methodologies to decrease the sample complexity prior to mass analysis. Recently, the OF ...

Various proteomic approaches are being applied in brain tumor proteomics with regard to targeted proteins of interest, to discover phenotype specific markers which could facilitate diagnosis as well as potential antitumor drug targets. iTRAQ technology is a multiplexing protein ...

Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) is a powerful strategy for the separation of native multiprotein complex (MPC). Combined with other techniques, such as SDS–PAGE, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and antibody-shift assay, BN-PAGE has been widely used in ...

Neurons are highly polarized cells characterized by subcellular microdomains: the synapses. These compartments are specialized structures and are, for certain cellular pathways, independent from the cell body. To achieve such a functional specificity, including local mRNA tr ...

Plasma membrane (PM) proteins take center-stage in most of the fundamental processes of the nervous system. They impart specificity to the formation of neuronal circuits, and determine the mode of neurotransmission. To accomplish these tasks, they demonstrate spatially and tempora ...