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This chapter outlines the procedures for ex vivo TEM preparation of nanoparticle-containing tissue or cell culture samples using an epoxy resin embedding method. The purpose of this procedure is to preserve the structure of tissue in a hardened epoxy block with minimal disruption of cellu ...

This chapter outlines procedures for sample preparation and the determination of nanoparticle size using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Several procedures for dispersing gold nanoparticles on various surfaces such that they are suitable for imaging and height measurement via i ...

This chapter describes a method for the measurement of the electrostatic potential at the electrical double layer surrounding a nanoparticle in solution. This is referred to as the zeta potential. Nanoparticles with a zeta potential between −10 and +10 mV are considered approximately ne ...

Determining the molecular weight of nanoparticles can be challenging. The molecular weight characterization of dendrimers, for example, with varying covalent and noncovalent modifications is critical to their use as therapeutics. As such, we describe in this chapter a protocol for ...

Particle size characterization is of particular importance to nanomedicine. The size similarity of nanoparticles to biological moieties is believed to impart many of their unique medical properties. Here we present a method for sample preparation and the determination of mean nano ...

This chapter describes a thin layer chromatography (TLC) method for the quantitation of various lipids (such as phospholipids, sphingolipids, acylglycerols, and fatty acids) in lipid-based nanoparticle formulations such as liposomes and nanoemulsions. We illustrate this te ...

This chapter describes a method for the measurement of free gadolinium in nanoparticle samples. Conjugation of a gadolinium-chelate to a nanoparticle allows the particle’s distribution to be imaged via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Free (unchelated) gadolinium is a known toxin, ...

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not, as yet, have specific guidances for products containing nanoscale materials. As announced in the report issued by the FDA Nanotechnology Task Force (July 2007), however, there are recommendations to various centers within the FDA to develop g ...

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical industry have used standards to assess material biocompatibility, immunotoxicity, purity, and sterility (as well as many other properties) for several decades. Nanoparticle developers and manufacturers leverage we ...

Nanotechnology offers many potential benefits to medical research by making pharmaceuticals more efficacious and by decreasing their adverse side-effects. Preclinical characterization of nanoparticles intended for medical applications is complicated – due to the vari ...

Lysosomal dysfunction is a recognized toxic mechanism for xenobiotics, which can result in various pathological states. There is concern that nanoparticles, in particular, may cause lysosomal pathologies, since they are likely to accumulate within lysosomes. Dysregulation of t ...

Certain nanoparticles have been shown to accumulate within lysosome and hence may cause lysosomal pathologies such as phospholipidosis, lysosomal overload, and autophagy. This chapter describes a method for evaluation of lysosomal activity in porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1) af ...

Hemolysis is damage to red blood cells (RBCs), which results in the release of the iron-containing protein hemoglobin into plasma. Here we describe an in vitro assay specifically developed for the analysis of nanoparticle hemolytic properties (see Fig. 1). In this assay, analyte nanopartic ...

Thrombus formation is complex process involving both cellular and molecular (protein) components. Platelets are responsible for maintaining hemostasis and for preventing excessive bleeding. These cells aggregate along with other plasma components and blood cells to form bl ...

This chapter describes a method for qualitative detection of complement activation by western blot. This method uses the cleavage product of the C3 component as a marker for complement activation by any pathway. In this protocol, human plasma is exposed to nanoparticles and then analyzed by p ...

This chapter provides a protocol for qualitative evaluation of nanoparticle internalization by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. This protocol uses luminol chemiluminescence to detect nanoparticle uptake. This protocol provides a preliminary qualitative look at pha ...

Stable, artificial fibrous proteins that can be functionalized open new avenues in fields such as bionanomaterials design and fiber engineering. An important source of inspiration for the creation of such proteins are natural fibrous proteins such as collagen, elastin, insect silks, ...

Nanostructured materials are receiving increased attention from both academia and industry. For example, the fundamental understanding of fiber formation by peptides and proteins both is of interest in itself and may lead to a range of applications. A key idea here is that the folding and sub ...

The widespread interest in the use of biomimetic approaches for inorganic nanomaterial synthesis have led to the development of biomolecules (peptides, nucleic acids) as key components in material synthesis. Using biomolecules as building blocks, additional functionalities ...

Periodical assembly of nanospecies is desirable for the construction of nanodevices. We provide a protocol for the preparation of a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)/DNA scaffold on which nanospecies can be assembled in a periodical manner. AuNP/DNA scaffold is prepared by growing long single- ...