实验基础

For the study of probiotic microorganisms, the in vitro selection tests need to be based on a solid scientific foundation (1). Surface characteristics, one of the in vitro properties are used to evaluate the potentially probiotic strains of lactobacilli (2).

The genus Propionibacterium consists of two principal groups, cutaneous and classical or dairy. Cutaneous species are predominant members of the microbial population of human skin and have also been isolated from the feces of humans and other vertebrate animals. They are often conside ...

For many years, it has been recognized that elevated serum cholesterol is a risk factor associated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, the latter being a major cause of death in Western countries. Numerous drugs that lower cholesterol have been used to treat hypocholesterol ...

The use of probiotic microorganisms has been widely promoted in the last 20 yr (1). They have been used in the gastrointestinal tract as capsules or as fermented milks (2). The characteristics of the strains proposed as probiotics have been published (3) or patented under an elaboration process (4– ...

Bacteriocins are antibacterial substances produced by many different bacterial species. Although the bacteriocins form a heterogenous group with respect to production of bacteria, antibacterial spectrum, mode of action, and chemical properties, they are by definition prot ...

The flavonoids, constituting one of the most numerous and widespread groups of natural plant constituents, are important to humans not only because they contribute to plant colors but also because many members are physiologically active. These lowmolecular-weight substances, fo ...

Microbiological sampling of utensils, tableware, and kitchenware, in addition to equipment, permits objective evaluation of sanitation practices and procedures used for these items from food service operations (1).

Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen causing gastritis and chronic superficial infection (CSG). It colonizes the stomach of more than 50% of humans and causes disease (1). This microorganism is associated with the gastric antral epithelium in patients with active chronic gastr ...

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is a preventive method of ensuring food safety. Its objectives are the identification of consumer safety hazards that can occur in the production line and the establishment of a control process to guarantee a safer product for the co ...

To compare the level of parasitism with gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goats, several studies have been conducted (1–3). They have generally shown that goats were more infected than sheep, as they exhibited higher worm burdens and egg excretion. This difference between two host spe ...

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans, causing erysipelas in swine and erysipeloid in humans (1). In swine, disease may be either acute or chronic, resulting in the development of arthritis and endocarditis (2). In Japan, erysipelas remains an animal hygi ...

One of the most difficult challenges in the analysis of environmental samples is to separate the organism of interest from a sample that is high in background debris. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is one technique that has been developed to accomplish this in a rapid and reliable assay.

Conventional methods for the evaluation of antimicrobials and disinfecting solutions with microorganisms involve culture-based techniques, which are time-consuming and underestimate the number of viable organisms. Rapid detection and viability measurements of micr ...

Legionellae are important etiological agents of pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila (predominantly serogroup 1) is detected in most cases of legionellosis; other species only occasionally cause infections, predominantly in immunocompromized patients (1–4). Aquifero ...

Some molds produce desirable changes in food, but most are merely esthetically undesirable. There has also been an increasing awareness that certain metabolic products of some molds commonly found on foods and feed are dangerous to humans and animals. These toxin substances, mycotoxins, ...

Humans have now been growing and storing enough food for a long enough time that some rapidly evolving organisms, such as fungi, are moving into niches created by the exploitation of certain plants as food (1).

Infections caused by fungi (mycoses) are increasingly reported in many countries owing to greater life expectancy associated with an increase in quality of medical and surgical procedures, as well as the emergence of diseases or infections that affect the immune system such as AIDS. Nosoc ...

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is the leading cause of viral hepatitis throughout the world (1). HAV infection is mainly propagated via the fecal-oral route (2), and waterborne (3) and foodborne (4–8) outbreaks of the disease have been reported.

Rotavirus is the primary etiological agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide (1). In developing countries, it is estimated that rotavirus is responsible for one-third of all diarrhea-associated hospitalizations and 873,000 deaths annually (2,3). In indu ...

Recently, an integrated cell culture/polymerase chain reaction (ICC/PCR) technique has been developed for the detection of viruses in environmental samples providing a reliable method for practical analysis and direct monitoring of environmental samples for viral pathogens ...