实验基础

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia, a worldwide disease that causes economic losses in swine production (1). Generally, transmission of M. hyopneumoniae occurs by direct contact or aerosol in chronically infected herds when young susceptib ...

Most members of the bacterial family Pasteurellaceae are usually regarded as opportunistic secondary invaders, which under normal conditions might inhabit the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of mammals and birds (1). Out of the almost 100 species or s ...

Salmonella is still recognized as a major zoonotic pathogen for animals and humans (1). In many countries, it is the leading cause of all food-borne outbreaks and infections (2,3). Conventional cultural methods for the detection of Salmonella spp. in clinical human or animal material, food, fee ...

Toxoplasma gondii is an important intracellular protozoan that is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis and is normally caught by eating undercooked infected meat or by ingestion of oocysts excreted by its definitive host, the cat. It is res ...

Trichinella worms (family: Trichinellidae; phylum: Nematoda) are parasites that mainly infect mammals, including humans, although they have been found in birds and, recently, in African crocodiles (1,2). The main reservoir is represented by carnivores with cannibalistic and scav ...

The Gram-negative Yersinia genus belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae, in which 3 of the 11 Yersinia species are recognized as human pathogens, namely Y. pestis (the etiological factor of plague), Y. pesudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica (the causative agents for yersinios ...

Brucellosis is a bacterial disease affecting livestock worldwide. Historically, at least seven species of pathogenic Brucella have been described, based primarily on host preference. Genetically, it appears that there is only a single species with host-adapted strains (1). Brucel ...

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, which causes significant losses in industrialized swine production worldwide. Bacterial diagnosis of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia is generally done by bacteriological i ...

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular prokaryotes with a hexalaminar cell wall that, in contrast to other gram-negative bacteria, contains no peptidoglycan. As a major antigenic constitutent, their outer membrane contains a 10-kDa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a trisacchar ...

Clostridia are anaerobic spore-forming bacteria that are widespread in the environment. They produce many extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and are especially involved in the decomposition of carcasses and plants in natural conditions. Some species produce potent toxins and a ...

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases are a group of rare, fatal, and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that include kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME; 82), and chronic was ...

During the 20th century, food animal agriculture grew from small operations, where livestock (cattle, sheep, and swine) and poultry (chickens and turkeys) had access to free range, to large operations where animals and poultry were concentrated and confined to feed lots or buildings. The qua ...

The mucosal surface of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is about 200–300 m2 and is colonized by 1013–14 bacteria of 400 different species and subspecies. Savage (1) has defined and categorized the gastrointestinal microflora into two types, autochthonous flora (indigenous flora) ...

Biogenic amines can be formed and degraded as a result of normal metabolic activity in animals, plants, and microorganisms and are usually produced by the decarboxylation of amino acids (1). Recent trends in food security are promoting an increasing search for trace compounds that can affect h ...

Many technological parameters that affect the nature and functional properties of proteins are involved in the preparation of meat products. The dry-curing process is quite complex because of the coexistence of enzymes from endogenous and bacterial origins. The protein breakdown t ...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered weakly lipolytic compared with many other groups of bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Achromobacter). The esterolytic and lipolytic systems of dairy LAB remain poorly characterized. Esterases from lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, a ...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) comprise a diverse group of Gram-positive, non-sporeforming microorganisms. These bacteria are widely used in food technology. The species identification of LAB depends mainly on physiological and biochemical criteria. The esterolytic systems of LAB ...

Certain gut species are pathogens, but a number of other resident bacteria may be of some benefit to host health. Examples include enterococci, lactobacilli, propionibacteria, and bifidobacteria, which are present in the colon in significant numbers. Identification and classific ...

The oral environment contains many different types of microorganisms, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive cocci, bacilli, and spirochetes. From the ecological point of view, the oral cavity is a perfect niche for certain bacteria such as lactobacilli (1) because they inter ...

Adhesion of lactobacilli to the epithelium has been described as the first step in the formation of a barrier to prevent undesirable microbial colonization (1); consequently, it has been defined as a characteristic of interest for selecting probiotic strains (2–4).