实验基础

In most bacteria, a global level of regulation exists involving intercellular communication via the production and response to cell density-dependent signal molecules. This cell density-dependent regulation has been termed quorum sensing (QS). QS is a global regulator, which has b ...

At least 29 triazines and 36 degradation products have been reported in the literature. For many reasons, no single method enables the simultaneous extraction and analysis of all of these compounds. Three methods are described for monitoring triazines and degradation products in filte ...

The river analyzer (RIANA) is an optical immunosensor able to determine different types of organic pollutants in water samples. Interaction between fluorescently labeled antibody and analyte takes place on a solid-liquid interface and is detected by measuring the fluorescence. The ...

Vibrios are Gram-negative γ-proteobacteria that are ubiquitous in marine, estuarine, and fresh-water environments and encompass a diverse group of bacteria, including many facultative symbiotic and pathogenic strains. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to the se ...

Aeromonas species are water-borne bacteria that are often found as environmental and food contaminants. They have been involved in human diarrhea disease and extraintestinal infections and are considered as emerging pathogens. These infections are probably acquired by food and w ...

This chapter describes a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for measuring aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites isolated from rat hepatocytes. AFB1, AFQ1, AFM1, and AFP1 concentrations are determined using reverse-phase HPLC. The isocratic mobile phase is 18% dimethyl ...

Bacillus cereus causes two types of food poisoning, emetic and diarrheal. The emetic disease is caused by a small cyclic polypeptide (cereulide), and the diarrheal disease is caused by three different enterotoxins. Commercially available kits are used for detection of two of the enteroto ...

Clostridium botulinum is a diverse group of anaerobic spore-forming organisms that produce lethal botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) during their growth. BoNTs cause a paralytic condition, botulism, to man and animals. The most common forms of human botulism include the classical foodbo ...

Globally Campylobacter has been recognized as a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, generating considerable interest in the development of special selective techniques for optimal growth, isolation, and preservation of Campylobacter from clinical and environmental ...

The “O157:H7 complex” is comprised mostly of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains, with serotype O157:H7 being the prototypic and predominate pathogenic strain in the complex. However, several phenotypic O157:H7 variants and genetically closely related O55:H7 s ...

Subtyping Listeria monocytogenes by macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) provides sensitive and epidemiologically relevant discrimination between strains and allows public health officials to detect potential common source outbreaks of l ...

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a micro-organism involved in gastroenteritis infections and food poisoning. Because there is a lack of specific and sensitive methods of detection and identification of this bacterium in clinical diagnostic laboratories, the pathogen has usually b ...

Salmonella are one of the most widespread micro-organisms found in the global food chain; they are frequently isolated from raw meats, poultry, and milk. They are responsible for a number of clinical syndromes, including gastroenteritis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has be ...

Some strains of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus produce toxins that cause food poisoning. Bacterial toxins can be detected using tissue culture assays or biochemical techniques; however, these methods are expensive and may be slow to give a result. Commercial immunoassay ki ...

Noroviruses (NVs) are a genus belonging to the virus family Caliciviridae and are transmitted by the fecal-oral and the aerosol routes. NVs are the most common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, accounting for two-thirds of all illnesses caused by known food-borne pathogens and for mo ...

Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family and represent one of the most important water-transmitted pathogens. Detection of enteroviruses in water sources, or water-contaminated food, is a very valuable tool not only to prevent waterborne diseases but also to track down ...

Viral food-borne illnesses have become very common in humans worldwide. Three viruses—noroviruses, rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus (HAV)—are implicated frequently in food-borne illness and have been ranked among the top 10 causes of food-borne disease over the past 10 years. The most com ...

The major antigens secreted by the parasite Fasciola hepatica are cathepsin-L cysteine proteases. These enzymes can be isolated from the parasite excretory-secretory products in sufficient quantities for use as an antigen for the serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis. The methods il ...

Techniques based on nucleic acid amplification have proven to be essential for the detection and epidemiological tracking of members of the genus Cryptosporidium. This gastrointestinal protozoan parasite cannot be routinely cultivated and it has an extremely low infectious do ...

Fish-borne and meat-borne parasitic infections represent an important public health concern, given the increasing risk of acquiring these pathogens and related allergies through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and meat. This can, in part, be attributed to the increased g ...