抗体抗原实验

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment from the blood stream into surrounding tissues, followed by migration through the tissue with triggered release of oxidative enzymes or eventual clearance from the epithelial surface, involves a regulated series of events cent ...

In this chapter, we describe methods to study membrane traffic during phagosome formation and maturation. Although it is convenient to define events as occurring either before (i.e., during formation) or after (during maturation) the creation of a sealed phagosome, it might not be correct to a ...

Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by neutrophils is an important early response to infection. Here, we describe protocols designed for the quantitative study of particle internalization and of the subsequent maturation of the newly formed phagosomes using sheep red blood c ...

The primary function of neutrophils is to engulf and destroy invading pathogens. If the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils is defective, an individual may suffer from enhanced susceptibility to potentially fatal microbial infection. To identify such defects, and to investigate ...

Using a combination of induced skin blistering and collection chambers permits dynamic studies of the aseptic inflammatory reaction in humans. Blisters filled with interstitial fluid can be generated by applying negative pressure to normal skin for up to 2 h. The blisters are subsequent ...

Activation of professional phagocytes, potent microbial killers of our innate immune system, is associated with an increase in cellular consumption of molecular oxygen (O2). The burst of O2 consumption is utilized by an NADPH-oxidase to generate highly-reactive oxygen species (ROS) ...

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) have a remarkable capacity for generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species in response to a variety of infectious or inflammatory stimuli, a process known as the respiratory burst that involves activation of a multicomponent NADPH oxi ...

The superoxide (O2 •−)-generating enzyme complex of phagocytes, known as the NADPH oxidase, can be assayed in a number of in vitro cell-free (or broken cell) systems. These consist of a mixture of the individual components of the NADPH oxidase, derived from resting phagocytes or in the form of purified ...

The heterodimeric integral membrane protein flavocytochrome b (Cyt b) is the catalytic core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex that initiates a cascade of reactive oxygen species critical for the elimination of infectious agents. Many fundamental questions remain co ...

Transcriptome analyses of single- and multicellular organisms have changed fundamental understanding of biological and pathological processes across multiple scientific disciplines. Over the past 5 yr, studies of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (or neutrophil) (PMN) gene ...

In recent years, several studies have brought forward new and exciting discoveries in polymorphonuclear neutrophil research by establishing that the release of inflammatory cytokines constitutes a novel and important aspect of the biology of this cell. At present, neutrophils sh ...

The crucial contribution of neutrophils to innate immunity extends well beyond their traditional role as professional phagocytes. Indeed, it is now well established that neutrophils generate a plethora of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are profoundly involved in the ...

Inasmuch as neutrophils are the primary cellular defense against bacterial and fungal infections, disorders that affect these white cells typically predispose individuals to severe and recurrent infections. Therefore, diagnosis of such disorders is an important first step in d ...

Primary disorders of neutrophil function result from impairment in neutrophil responses that are critical for host defense. This chapter summarizes inherited disorders of neutrophils that cause defects in neutrophil adhesion, migration, and oxidative killing. These include ...

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) represent the dominant cell in the acute response to microbial infection. Effective antimicrobial activity reflects the combined action of soluble agents in plasma with PMN-derived reactive oxygen species and granule proteins, includi ...

Bacteria become resistant by a number of different mechanisms, and these include mutation in chromosomal genes (1), acquisition of plasmids (2), insertion of bacteriophage, transposon or insertion sequence DNA (3-5), or gene mosaicism (6). There is a dogma that bacteria that become resist ...

The display of a repertoire of recombinant antibodies on the surface of filamentous phage by fusion to a minor coat protein has provided a powerful methodology for isolating the desired binding specificities (see Chapter 45 and ref. 1). Antibodies have typically been displayed on phage as sin ...

A distinguishing feature of eosinophils is their ability to rapidly release preformed cytokines from intracellular pools. Cytokines are delivered to the cell surface from granule stores by transport vesicles and are released in small packets at discrete locations along the cell sur ...

Laser-based microscopic systems (laser microbeams) are becoming popular tools for investigating various aspects of molecular and cellular biology (1). Depending on the wavelength, energy, and beam geometry employed, laser microbeams can be used for fluorescence excitation, mi ...

In situ hybridization (ISH) permits the detection and localization of DNA and RNA in a cytological preparation affixed to a microscope slide. Such detection and localization is made possible by hybridization of cellular DNA and/or RNA targets with nucleic acid probes tagged with a signal ge ...