抗体抗原实验

The discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced by “hybridoma technology” by George K�hler and Cesar Milstein in 1975 has had a great impact both on basic biological research and on clinical medicine. However, this impact was not immediately recognized. It took around 10 years to appre ...

One of the most successful methods for the preparation of pure monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is ion exchange chromatography. It is not dependent on the reaction of immunoglobulins with immobilized ligands, as is the case of adsorption chromatography, which uses either protein A or G, but on the c ...

A major breakthrough in immunology came with the discovery that large amounts of relatively pure monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be prepared from the fusion of B cells (secreting the relevant mAb) with a nonsecreting myeloma cell line (1). Since then mAbs have become a central tool for resear ...

High-quality starting materials are a prerequisite for any scientific method to be reliable and reproducible, but for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for human diagnostics or therapy, and for successful preclinical studies, this is of paramount importance. Standard ...

The original and fundamental appeal of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), compared with polyclonal antisera, is the possibility for indefinite production of the same product. However, even well-established cell lines have limited stability in long-term culture and it is necessary to es ...

Enzyme-linked immunospot, or ELISPOT, assay allows the detection of low frequencies of cells secreting various molecules. ELISPOT can be used in many areas of research and, because of its high sensitivity, has the potential to become a valuable diagnostic tool. Based on the same “sandwich” imm ...

In 1983, papers describing the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique were published by two groups, the first description from a team in Perth, Western Australia, and the second, soon thereafter, from a group in Gothenburg, Sweden. Described here is my recollection of the background a ...

During the last 20 yr, the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has emerged as one of the most important and widely used assays to monitor immune responses in humans and a variety of other species. With the ELISPOT assay, immune cell frequencies can be measured at the single cell level without ela ...

Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays are widely used as a technique that allows determining the frequency of cytokine-releasing cells. Colored spots appear at the sites of cells releasing cytokines, with each individual spot representing a single cytokine-releasing cell. ...

Subsets of immune cells can be isolated before analysis by the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay with various cell separation techniques. This chapter describes techniques to select desired cells or deplete unwanted cells by crosslinking cells to dense or magnetic particl ...

The recent renaissance of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays largely is the result of advances in image analysis. Information on the frequency of antigen-specific T-cells and also on the secretion rate of the individual cells is captured in spots generated using this technique. A ...

The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was originally developed for the detection of individual antibody secreting B-cells. Since then, the method has been improved, and ELISPOT is used for the determination of the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, ...

The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a sensitive and relatively simple assay for detecting secreted cellular products such as cytokines and has become an invaluable immunological tool. The ELISPOT has been used extensively in human and murine research but has only recently ...

Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) was originally developed from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect and measure the frequency of individual cells that produce cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation. ELISPOT assay is more sensitive than the enzyme- ...

Effective screening of new vaccines and immunotherapeutics requires assay methods that can provide quantitative measurement of cellular immune responses. The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) is a sensitive technique for the detection of cytokine-producing cells at the s ...

The close similarities in hematopoietic and immune systems of humans and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) make them the desired nonhuman primate animal model for developing vaccines against infectious diseases relevant to humans. The best example is the simian immunodeficiency v ...

The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a highly sensitive tool used to measure the frequency of antigen-specific T-cells in vitro. Among its many applications, this assay is useful for the characterization of cellular immune responses after immunization against measles and ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which an unknown trigger initiates an immune response against brain proteins. This autoaggressive response causes the breakdown of the myelin sheaths that protect nerve axons, leading to impaired nerve conduction and su ...

Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) is the most common cause of sudden hearing loss in adults. Although the etiopathogenesis of this disease is unclear, it is widely believed that antibody and/or T-cell responses directed against inner ear-specific proteins may mediate ASN ...

The interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has become a useful tool for immunologists seeking to quantify immune responses on a per-cell basis. The assay is sensitive and allows for the enumeration of low-frequency T-cells. Many have applied this assay to clinical tr ...