实验仪器使用技术

The ability of certain neurotransmitter receptors to form oligomers provides an additional level of fine-tuning of intracellular signaling. Among the techniques allowing study of receptor oligomerization as well as influence of specific ligands on these processes, a biophysi ...

Dopamine binding to various dopamine receptors activates multiple intracellular signaling molecules, some of which interact with calcium activated signaling pathways. Many experiments measure agonist-stimulated elevations in signaling molecules using prolonged, ...

In recent years advancements in proteomic techniques have contributed to the understanding of protein interaction networks (Interactomes) in various cell types. Today, high throughput proteomics promises to define virtually all of the components of a signaling and a regulatory n ...

Dopamine is the main catecholamine found in the retina of most species, being synthesized from the l-amino acid tyrosine. Its effects are mediated by G protein coupled receptors subfamilies that are commonly coupled to adenylyl cyclase in opposite manners. There is evidence that this amine w ...

There is increasing evidence that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is regulated in lipid raft microdomains. GPCRs and GPCR-signaling molecules, including G proteins and protein kinases, have been reported to compartmentalize in these microdomains. Dopamine D1-like ...

Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors. Plasma membrane expression is a key determinant of receptor signaling, and one that is regulated both by extra and intracellular cues. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling is implicated in several neurops ...

Refinement is one of the three foundations of the 3Rs concept, a concept that underpins good animal-based research. For ethical and legal reasons, the severity of a procedure or an experiment on the welfare and health of an experimental animal needs to be estimated before starting the experiment. ...

The metabolic demand of rapidly proliferating tumour cells is reliant on an adequate blood supply that allows the continual delivery of oxygen, nutrients and growth factors. The growth and progression of tumours is significantly reduced in the absence of neovascularization and often i ...

Glioblastomas are one of the deadliest and most invasive cancers in humans. This heterogenous population of tumours interact with the surrounding brain parenchyma, disrupting physical barriers such as basement membranes, extracellular matrices and cell–cell contact while ac ...

We have demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with total tumor RNA (ttRNA) represent a potent platform for the induction of antitumor immunity in preclinical murine glioma models. DCs are potent immunostimulatory cells that represent a promising contemporary biologic en ...

Medulloblastoma, the largest group of embryonal brain tumors, is highly aggressive, with a dismal prognosis for high-risk patients. This disease has historically been classified into five variants based on histopathology. Recent genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional anal ...

Oligodendroglial tumors are primary tumors of the central nervous system that largely affect adults. The cell of origin is undefined, but the tumors display many features reminiscent of oligodendrocytes or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Here, we briefly recapitulate the hist ...

Information is presented on the new VM-M3 mouse model for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The VM-M3 tumor arose in the brain of inbred VM strain, which is known to have a high incidence of spontaneous brain tumors. The failure to develop effective treatments for GBM has been due in part to the failure of anim ...

Modeling human disease in small animals has been fundamental in advancing our scientific knowledge and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the case of brain cancer, implantable tumor models, both intracranial and also in the periphery, have been widely used and extens ...

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) provide a system in which de novo tumors arise and develop within the context of a proper tumor microenvironment. These models are considered superior to orthotopic xenograft systems because they allow for t ...

Small animal models have given great insight into tumor biology, but have been less successful at predicting clinical outcome. It is expected that newer models will be more predictive because they are better tumor mimics. Unfortunately, other impediments to clinical prediction remain, ...

For many years, neurosurgeons and neurointerventionalists have been focused on the neurological functionality of the patients as a main measure assessing the effects of treatment of intracranial aneurysms. But, individual experience, sporadic series of patients operated in a de ...

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) leads to lasting sensorimotor deficits in humans. The test of forelimb use asymmetry (FUA) has been repeatedly shown to be effective for the longitudinal evaluation of sensorimotor function in rat and mouse models of ICH. This test evaluates the use of foreli ...

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and often fatal subtype of stroke and produces severe neurologic deficits in survivors, and several animal models of ICH have been developed. We have established the ICH models in mice, rats and pigs (1–4). This chapter introduces methods for assessi ...

Vascular tone and consequently, cerebral blood flow, are regulated by the concentration of global cytosolic Ca2+ (global i) in vascular smooth muscle. Global i is, in part, regulated by discrete Ca2+ release events from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ sparks) which activate plasma membra ...