遗传学实验技术

Xenopus tropicalis combine the advantages of X. laevis, for example using explants and targeted gain of function, with the ability to take classical genetics approaches to answering cell and developmental biology questions making it arguably the most versatile of the model organisms. A ...

Xenopus tropicalis was introduced as a model system for genetic, and then genomic research, in the early 1990s, complementing work on the widely used model organism Xenopus laevis. Its shorter generation time and diploid genome has facilitated a number of experimental approaches. It has pe ...

microRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level. microRNAs are transcribed as primary transcripts, characterized by specific hairpin secondary structure that undergo stepwise processing to yield mature microRNAs of a ...

BrdU is a thymidine analog that is incorporated into DNA during the S-phase of the cell cycle. BrdU incorporation can be used to quantify the number of cells that are in S-phase in the time period that BrdU is available. Thus, BrdU incorporation is an essential method in the quantitative analysis of cell pr ...

Early Xenopus embryos, and embryonic tissues isolated from them, are excellent model systems to study morphogenesis. Cells migrate, change shape, and differentiate to form new tissues as embryos mature and recapitulate those same processes in tissue isolates. Both large-scale and sm ...

Mathematical modeling has become increasingly indispensable for scientists who study the dynamics of gene regulatory networks (GRN) that underlie cell differentiation and pattern formation in animal development including Xenopus embryogenesis. Here I outline a step-by-s ...

Cells from the animal pole of Xenopus blastula embryo possess pluripotency that can be used to generate various tissues and even functional organs ex vivo. This finding has sparkled development of a variety of experimental protocols to study mechanisms that underlie formation of various ...

For most Xenopus embryos, life is very short. The majority of research labs working with this model organism study the processes of early vertebrate patterning and morphogenesis. And quite rightly too, since over the last two decades labs across the world have provided the fate maps, animal cap as ...

Since the advent of computational methods in biology, the quantity of biological data has grown exponentially. These data support genomic, genetic, developmental, and other forms of biological experimentation. The number of on-line resources has kept pace with the growth in data. Xenop ...

Coming from the material sciences, fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as quantum dots (QDs), have emerged as powerful fluorescent probes for a wide range of biological imaging applications. QDs have several advantages over organic dyes which include higher brigh ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization on three-dimensionally preserved nuclei (3D-FISH), in combination with immunocytochemistry and 3D fluorescence microscopy, is a key tool to analyze the functional organization of the interphase nucleus. In the last decade, 3D-FISH on cultured ...

Immunofluorescence (IF) and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) are conventional methods used to study the structure and organization of metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei. Using these techniques, the locations of whole chromosome territories, chromatin s ...

Multiplex in situ hybridization (M-FISH) is a 24-color karyotyping technique and is the method of choice for studying complex interchromosomal rearrangements. The process involves three major steps. Firstly, the multiplex labeling of all chromosomes in the genome with finite numbe ...

Recent progress in the understanding of the spatial organization of nuclear functions owes a lot to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methodology. The majority of studies using this technology have been carried out using cultured cells. However, nuclear processes in whole org ...

Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) material is frequently the most convenient readily available source of diseased tissue, including tumors. Multiple cores of FFPE material are being used increasingly to construct tissue microarrays (TMAs) that enable simultaneous anal ...

The development of cellular diversity within any organism depends on the timely and correct expression of differing subsets of genes within each tissue type. Many techniques exist which allow a global, average analysis of RNA expression; however, RNA-FISH permits the sensitive detect ...

Although many fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) protocols involve the use of intact, fixed nuclei, the resolution achieved is not always sufficient, especially for physical mapping. In light of this, several techniques are commonly used to create extended chromatin fibres or e ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is widely used for the localization of genes and specific genomic regions on target chromosomes, both in metaphase and interphase cells. The applications of FISH are not limited to gene mapping or the study of genetic rearrangements in human disea ...

Chromosome Orientation FISH (CO-FISH) is a technique that can be used to extend the information obtainable from standard FISH to include the relative orientation of two or more DNA sequences within a chromosome. CO-FISH can determine the absolute 5′-to-3′ direction of a DNA sequence relative to ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (∼22 nt) noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of protein coding genes either by cleavage or translational repression. miRNAs comprise one of the most abundant classes of gene regulatory molecules in multicellular organisms. Yet, the funct ...