遗传学实验技术

DNA sequencing is a powerful technique for identifying allelic variation within the natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes. Because of the relatively large size of the KIR genes, each locus is amplified in two or more overlapping segments. Sanger sequencing of each gene f ...

Natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity can be exploited in haploidentical (one haplotype mismatched) haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to prevent leukaemia relapse, rejection, and graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) (Blood 94:333–339; Science 295:2097–2100). If NK ...

Donor-vs.-recipient NK cell alloreactivity has been established as a key therapeutic element in HLA haplotypemismatched hematopoietic transplants in acute myeloid leukemia. NK cell allotherapy for leukemia is deployed through stem cell transplantation and ensuing NK cell re ...

Recent advances have improved our understanding of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated alloreactivity after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or with adoptive transfer. NK cells contribute to a graft-versus-leukemia effect and may play a role in preventing graft-versus ...

In HLA-matched stem-cell transplantation (SCT), minor H antigens are key molecules driving allo-immune responses in both graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and in graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) reactivity. Dissection of the dual function of minor H antigens became evident through th ...

The optimal donor of hematopoietic progenitor cells shares alleles of the major histocompatibility genes with the recipient. This chapter describes the strategies aimed at identifying such a matched donor from registries of volunteers or from umbilical cord blood banks.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, utilising the sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) and sequence-specific primer (SSP) technologies, has been in routine use in many tissue typing laboratories worldwide for more than 20 years since the development of the polymerase chain ...

In recent years, several functional polymorphisms, particularly, SNPs have been identified in cytokines and their receptor genes that regulate levels of cytokine expression. These have been implicated as immune prognostic markers in diseases, including differential respon ...

This chapter describes the application of diagnostic HLA typing for disease association and five methods used for specific HLA genotypes. The methods utilise a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to detect sequence polymorphism by the presence or absence of ...

DNA Sequencing is now a standard frontline high-throughput HLA typing procedure with some unrelated bone marrow donor registry typing laboratories performing tens of thousands of tests per year. The advantage of DNA sequencing is that, by definition, sequencing directly identifies ...

Sequencing-based typing is a high resolution method for the identification of HLA polymorphisms. The majority of HLA Class I alleles can be discriminated by their exon 2 and 3 sequence, and for Class II alleles, exon 2 is generally sufficient. There are polymorphic positions in other exons which m ...

The LABType� SSO (One Lambda, Inc) and Gen-Probe LIFECODES HLA-SSO HLA Typing tests are rapid and efficient assays for determining human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). The principle of these assays involves the hybridization of reverse sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes each at ...

The non-classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G plays a crucial role in the induction of tolerance at the feto–maternal interface as well as in transplantation, cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. To understand gene regulation and the impact of polymorphic sites on the fun ...

Human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E) is a non-classical HLA class I gene that shows a limited degree of polymorphism compared to the classical HLA genes. The HLA-E molecule can bind peptides derived from the leader sequence of various HLA class I alleles and some viral homologues, including CMV. The HL ...

Classical, alternative, or lectin pathways may activate the complement system cascade. The classical pathway includes the C4 protein and functions in the prevention of immune complex precipitation and in clearance of immune complexes. Two isotypes of C4—C4A and C4B—are coded by genes lo ...

IMGT/DomainGapAlign is the online tool of IMGT�, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system�, for the analysis of amino acid sequences and two-dimensional (2D) structures of domains. IMGT/DomainGapAlign allows the analysis of the closest variable (V) and constant (C) do ...

Human immunoglobulin allotypes are antigenic determinants (or “markers”) determined serologically, classically by hemagglutination inhibition, on the human immunoglobulin (IG) heavy and light chains. The allotypes have been identified on the gamma1, gamma2, gamma3, and al ...

Small RNAs associate with members of the Argonaute family to function in gene regulation, transposon control, and creation of silent chromatin domains. In this partnership, small RNAs act as guides for the bound Argonaute and other associated proteins. Complementary base pairing of sma ...

Scan RNAs (scnRNAs) are developmentally regulated siRNAs of ~26–32 nucleotides in length that are involved in programmed DNA elimination in Tetrahymena. scnRNAs are loaded onto the Piwi-related protein Twi1p and 2′-O-methylated at their 3′ termini. We describe two alternative strat ...

Since their discovery about 20 years ago, small RNAs have been shown to play a critical role in a myriad of biological processes. The greater availability of high-throughput sequencing has been invaluable to furthering our understanding of small RNAs as regulatory molecules. In particula ...