遗传学实验技术

Intracellular signalling initiated by extracellular ligands that activate cell surface receptors is a complicated process that involves multiple interconnected biochemical steps. Protein–protein interactions are often regulated by activated kinases via phosphor ...

Transcriptional interactions in the cell are modulated by a variety of posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms that make them highly dependent on the molecular context of the specific cell. These include, among others, microRNA-mediated control of transcripti ...

A detailed understanding of a cellular process requires the knowledge about the interactions between its protein constituents. The Split-Ubiquitin technique allows to monitor and detect interactions of very diverse proteins, including transcription factors and membrane- ...

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) consist of transcription factors (TFs) that determine the level of gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. Mapping all TF–DNA interactions and elucidating their dynamics is a major goal to generate comprehensive models of GRNs. Measuring ...

The DNA-binding specificity of transcription factors allows the prediction of regulatory targets in a genome. However, very few factor specificities have been characterized and still too little is known about how these proteins interact with their targets to make predictions a priori. ...

Protein-binding DNA microarray (PBM) is one of the high-throughput methods to define DNA sequences which potentially bind to a given DNA-binding protein. Quadruple 9-mer-based protein-binding DNA microarray, named Q9-PBM, is designed in such a way that target probes are synthesized as q ...

SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) was created 20 years ago as a method to enrich small populations of bound DNAs from a random sequence pool by PCR amplification. It provides a powerful way to determine the in vitro binding specificities of DNA-binding protei ...

Expression pattern data are fundamental to understanding transcriptional regulatory networks and the biological significance of such networks. For Caenorhabditis elegans, expression pattern analysis of transcription factor genes, with cellular resolution, typica ...

Transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in regulating gene expression. The availability of complete genome sequences and associated functional genomic data offer excellent opportunities to understand the transcriptional regulatory system of an entire organis ...

High-throughput sequencing has allowed for a comprehensive small RNA (sRNA) expression analysis of numerous tissues in a diverse set of organisms. The computational analysis of the millions of generated sequencing reads has led to the discovery of novel miRNAs and other sRNA species, and r ...

Analysis of the protein expression patterns in clinical samples and cells by proteomic technologies offers opportunities to discover potentially new biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of disease. One of the most widely used techniques to study the proteome of a biological s ...

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are involved in critical aspects of cell physiology ranging from cell �survival, proliferation, growth, migration, and differentiation. A tight control of the extent and duration of signals elicited by activated RTKs is crucial for preventing over- ...

MicroRNAs, the class of small ribo-regulators, have been implicated in the regulation of a range of different biological processes, including development and differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. Only for a small fraction of identified microRNAs has a function been eluci ...

Here, we provide a detailed technical description of a gene expression assay (Whole-Genome DASL (WG-DASL)), which not only enables whole-genome transcriptional profiling of degraded material, such as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, but is also capable of generating r ...

Current literature provides significant evidence to support the concept that there are limited subpopulations of cells within a solid tumour that have increased tumour-initiating potential relative to the total tumour population. Such tumour-initiating cells have been iden ...

A typical microarray experiment results in series of images, depending on the experimental design and number of samples. Software analyses the images to obtain the intensity at each spot and quantify the expression for each transcript. This is followed by normalization, and then various da ...

Microarray technology has made it possible to quantify gene expression of thousands of genes in a single experiment. With the technological advancement, it is now possible to quantify expression of all known genes using a single microarray chip. With this volume of data and the possibility of i ...

The presence of extracellular nucleic acids has been reported in serum/plasma from cancer and diabetes patients that may help in disease diagnosis. Taking insulin-producing cells as examples here, RT-PCR was used to investigate a correlation between the presence and amounts of extrac ...

Analysis of RNA expression levels by real-time reverse-transcription (RT) PCR has become a routine technique in diagnostic and research laboratories. Monitoring of DNA amplification can be done using fluorescent sequence-specific probes, which generate signal only upon bindi ...

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex series of cellular reprogramming events culminating in striking alterations in morphology towards an invasive mesenchymal phenotype. Increasingly, evidence suggests that EMT exerts a pivotal role in pathophysiolog ...