植物学技术

Germplasm conservation is an important goal in the preservation of genetic diversity. Conventional methods, such as field and seed conservation, are used for most crops, although nonconventional methods, such as tissue culture and cryopreservation, have been used to support those me ...

The biotechnological improvement of rice is largely dependent on the maintenance of dedifferentiated cultures as either callus and/or suspension cultures. For example, the production of transgenic plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) either by direct DNA uptake into protoplasts or by par ...

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a perennial shrub of the same family, the Euphorbiaceae, as castor bean (Ricinus communis) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). It is grown for its starch-containing tuberized roots, which are used for human consumption, as animal feed, and as raw materi ...

Barley is an important crop both for brewing and for animal feed. In addition to conventional breeding, in vitro culture is a useful technology for the improvement of barley quality. For example, a number of methods for barley anther and microspore culture have been published for the production of d ...

Embryogenic suspension cultures provide the most widely employed source of totipotent cells for protoplast isolation in rice (Oryza sativa L.), since mesophyll-derived protoplasts of this important cereal rarely undergo sustained mitotic division leading to the production of ...

Methods for clonal propagation of the two major morphological groups of orchids, i.e., sympodials and monopodials, are presented. The first group, sympodials, includes such genera as Cymbidium, Cattleya, Dendrobium, and Oncidium. They are characterized by a multibranching rhizome t ...

Tissue-culture technology is widely used for the vegetative propagation of selected plants in agriculture and horticulture and, to a lesser extent, in forestry. The objective is to produce large numbers of plants with uniform quality. Historically, commercial applications of this te ...

A method by which many fern species can be successfully grown from spores in axenic culture is described. Unlike the conventional method of sowing the spores on compost, this method allows spore populations free from contamination by spores of other species to be sown. The method can be used for the pr ...

Maintenance of collections of succulent plants can be problematic, because many of these species are very susceptible to rots caused by bacteria and fungi. Rooting and establishment of cuttings can also be difficult. Tissue-culture techniques have been applied to a wide range of succulen ...

The family Passifloraceae contains over 580 woody or herbaceous species (1), the majority of species within the genus Passiflora being found in tropical South America. Passiflora eduhs fv. flavicarpa is considered to be the most important species (2) because of its value in the fruit juice ind ...

An efficient protoplast regeneration system makes somatic hybridization and direct gene transfer attractive tools in the breeding of perennial ryegrass, one of the most important forage grass species in temperate regions. Despite many efforts during the last decade, regenerati ...

This chapter will focus on somatic hybridization in Brassicaceae. The results from a vast number of investigations have clearly shown that somatic hybridization in this family can overcome sexual barriers, and that the nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes from different ...

Protoplast fusion produces cells that contain a mixture of the DNA-containing organelles (nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) from both fusion parents. This chapter describes the production of rapeseed (Brassica napus) fusion-product cells where one of the nuclei is elimin ...

The transfer of single chromosomes carrying important genes between related, but sexually incongruent species, and the production of monosomic addition plants, can speed up gene introgression through homoelogous recombination or other mechanisms of gene transfer (1,2). Monos ...

An experimental system has been established to isolate, handle, and fuse single gametes, which enables studies of gamete interaction, of gametic hybridization, and of events that occur immediately after gamete fusion. Also, starting with gamete fusion, the development of a single zygote ...

Plants have traditionally been the source of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, and at this time, plant material is still being screened for new compounds (1). Initially, plant cell and tissue culture was developed in order to study the biochemistry and physiology of plants without the comp ...

As the most commercially valuable cereal grown worldwide and the best-characterized in genetic terms, maize was predictably the first target for transformation among the important crops. Indeed, the first attempt at transformation of any plant was conducted on maize (1). These early eff ...

Secondary metabolite accumulation in cell suspensions is the result of an interplay between primary metabolism, supplying the machinery, the energy, and the precursors, and the secondary metabolic pathways. For this reason, a successful strategy for producing considerable amou ...

Introduction of DNA into plant protoplasts via electroporation is a well-known procedure. By giving electrical impulses of high field strength, the cell membrane is reversibly permeabilized, so that DNA molecules can be introduced into the cell (1).

In electroporation, cells are permeabihzed by the application of very short, high-voltage electric pulses. Molecules ranging in size from small organic metabolites and reporter dyes to large macromolecules—including antibodies and plasmids—can be introduced into cells by ele ...