植物学技术

Obligate plant-parasitic nematodes, such as cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), form specialized feeding cells in host plant roots. These feeding cells provide the sole source of nutrition for the growth and reproduction of the n ...

The use of polyclonal antibodies enables the detection of proteins on a cellular and even subcellular level. Immunolocalization can be used on all pathosystems even if one or both partners of the interaction are unamenable to molecular tools like transformation. This chapter provides de ...

Assays to determine the role of pathogen effectors within an infected plant cell are yielding valuable information about which host processes are targeted to allow successful pathogen colonization. However, this does not necessarily inform on the cellular location of these interac ...

Effectors of plant pathogens play important roles in not only pathogenesis but also plant immunity. Plant pathogens use these effectors to manipulate host cells for colonization, and their activities likely influence the evolution of plant immune responses. Analyses of genome sequ ...

Pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes deliver diverse arrays of virulence or avirulence molecules, defined here as effectors, into the host cells. Effectors enable parasitic colonization by manipulating classes of biochemical, physiological, and morphological pr ...

The biolistic transient gene expression assay is a beneficial tool for studying gene function in vivo. However, biolistic transient assay systems have inherent pitfalls that often cause experimental inaccuracies such as poor transformation efficiency, which can be confused with ...

Genome sequencing combined with high-throughput functional analyses has proved vital in our quest to understand oomycete–plant interactions. With the identification of effector molecules from Phytophthora spp. we can now embark on dissecting the mechanisms by which effectors ...

The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis is a natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana and a laboratory model for (1) understanding how Arabidopsis responds to pathogen attack; (2) comparative and functional genomics of oomycetes; and (3) the molecular basis and evo ...

Genetic transformation of plants is an innovative research tool which has practical significance for the development of new and improved genotypes or cultivars. However, stable introduction of genes of interest into nuclear genomes depends on several factors such as the choice of targ ...

Redundancy between Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 virulence factors has made their characterization difficult. One method to circumvent redundancy for phenotypic characterization is to simultaneously delete all redundant factors through the generation of poly ...

The haustorium is a distinguishing feature of biotrophic plant pathogens. Several highly diverged �pathogen classes have independently evolved haustoria, suggesting that they represent an effective adaptation for growing within living plant tissue. Despite their clear im ...

Alternative splicing (AS) significantly contributes to transcriptome and proteome complexity. Transcriptome-wide studies concluded that approximately 22% of Arabidopsis and rice genes are subject to AS. Despite increasing recognition of AS in plants, little is known about the ...

Protein complex purification represents a powerful approach to identify novel players in plant innate immunity. However, the identification of interacting protein partners within a natural context has been a challenge for researchers. In this chapter, we describe a method of immuno ...

Construction of transgenic plants is central to modern plant molecular genetics. Inducible systems permit spatial and temporal control of transgene expression. One commonly used inducible system relies on the use of dexamethasone to activate an endogenously expressed hybrid tr ...

Plant disease resistance (R) proteins confer strong resistance against pathogens by recognizing particular pathogen effectors. Identification of proteins associated with an R protein will provide insight into the mechanism of R protein function. Many R proteins are associated ...

Interactions between plant cells and microbial pathogens involve highly dynamic processes of cellular trafficking and reorganization. Substantial advances in imaging technologies, including the discovery and widespread use of fluorescent proteins as tags as well as advan ...

Global expression profiling of RNA isolated from laser microdissected cells allows one to profile a specific set of cells allowing for enhanced sensitivity and for cell- or site-specific patterns of expression to emerge. In Chapter 19, we detail our optimized methods of tissue preparatio ...

Plant disease resistance (R) proteins confer protection against specific pathogens or pathogen isolates. R proteins function by recognizing pathogen-encoded avirulence (Avr) proteins and translating this recognition event into an initiation of downstream signaling pat ...

Europe is traditionally the largest producer of floricultural products in the world with an estimated production value of over 12 billion euro in 2006. The Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom and France are the main centres of production. More recently, a significant growth in ...

Plants belonging to the Rhododendron subgenera Pentanthera (deciduous) and Tsutsusi and Azaleastrum (evergreen) are called azaleas. Concerning their mutual phylogenetic positions, the Pentanthera subgenus is closer to evergreen rhododendrons (subgenera Rhododend ...