植物学技术

In recent years, the functional roles of effectors from a wide variety of fungal and oomycete pathogens have begun to emerge. As a product of this work, the importance of effector-lipid interactions has been made apparent. Phospholipids are not only important signaling molecules, but they also ...

Fungicide resistance assays are useful to determine if a fungal pathogen has developed resistance to a fungicide used to manage the disease it causes. Laboratory assays are used to determine loss of sensitivity, or resistance, to a fungicide and can explain fungicide failures and for develo ...

In recent years, a voluminous amount of genomic data has been generated for several plant pathogenic fungi. Multiple studies have utilized these genomic data to advance our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenesis. However, not all plant pathogenic fungi share the s ...

Genetic transformation is an essential tool for the modern study of gene function and the genetic improvement of an organism. The genetic transformation of many fungal species is well established and can be carried out by utilizing different transformation methods including electro ...

Studies of the population genetics of fungal and oomycetous phytopathogens are essential to clarifying the disease epidemiology and devising management strategies. Factors commonly associated with higher organisms such as migration, natural selection, or recombination, ...

Fungal cells are highly complex as their metabolism is compartmentalized harboring various types of subcellular organelles that are bordered by one or more membranes. Knowledge about the intracellular localization of transporter proteins is often required for the understand ...

Identification of pathogen effectors that elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) in resistant plant hosts is essential to study disease resistance. In this method, it is described how to generate a cDNA library, how to transfer the library into a binary PVX-expression vector, and finally how to ...

Proteomics is a key technique that is helping elucidate many complex biological processes. The analysis of plant–pathogen interactions using proteomics is complicated by the presence of the proteomes of two species, but is benefiting from the developing maturity and power of these tec ...

Agroinfiltration is a versatile, rapid and simple technique that is widely used for transient gene expression in plants. In this chapter we focus on its use in molecular plant pathology, and especially for the expression of plant resistance (R) and fungal avirulence (Avr) (effector) genes in le ...

Fungi often are found within plant tissues where they cannot be visualized with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). We present a simple way to reveal cell interiors while avoiding many common causes of artifact. Freeze-fracture of leaf tissue using liquid nitrogen during the 100% ethan ...

Methods enabling quantification of fungi in planta can be useful for a variety of applications. In combination with information on plant disease severity, indirect quantification of fungi in planta offers an additional tool in the screening of plants that are resistant to fungal disease ...

Fungal strains deficient in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway are excellent recipient strains for gene targeting approaches. In addition, NHEJ-deficiency can facilitate the formation of heterokaryons which allows rapid identification of essential genes. How ...

With the emergence of more and more molecular markers as useful tools in plethora of population genetic and phylogenetic studies, choice of marker system for a particular study has become mind boggling. These marker systems differ in their advantages and disadvantages, so it is imperative to ...

The completion of the alfalfa, Arabidopsis, papaya, poplar, and rice genome sequences along with ongoing sequencing projects of various crop species, offers an excellent opportunity to study gene expression at the whole genome level and to unravel the complexity of gene networks underl ...

Molecular genetic methods have several advantages over classical morphological and chemical analyses. The genetic method requires genotype instead than phenotype, therefore PCR-based techniques have been widely used for a rapid identification of plant species, varieties a ...

More than 10,000 publications using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) or related arbitrary marker techniques have been published in two decades of its inception in 1990. Despite extensive use, RAPD technique has also attracted some criticisms, mainly for lack of reproducibi ...

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a PCR-based technique that uses selective amplification of a subset of digested DNA fragments to generate and compare unique fingerprints for genomes of interest. The power of this method relies mainly in that it does not require prior info ...

DNA purification is a routine procedure in most plant laboratories. Although different kits are available in the market allowing convenient DNA purification, the cumulative cost of purchasing multiple kits for a laboratory can be staggering. Here, we describe a protocol using homemade ...

An emerging application for plant DNA fingerprinting and barcoding involves forensic investigations. Examples of DNA analysis of botanical evidence include crime scene analysis, identifying the source of commercial plant products, and investigation of trade in illicit drugs. ...

DNA barcoding, using a short gene sequence from a standardized region of the genome, is a species identification tool which would not only aid species discovery but would also have applications ranging from large-scale biodiversity surveys through to identification of a single fragment ...