免疫学技术

A growing number of studies have revealed that the expression of many genes is abnormal in T lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although aberrant expression of signaling molecules may arise intrinsically or in response to the environment, these abnormal ...

Abnormal expression of key signaling molecules and defective functions of T lymphocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-mediated stimulation of SLE T cells shows increased protein tyrosine phosphory ...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease that can involve virtually any organ or tissue type. The disease has a strong familial tendency but, like most human illness, has a complex pattern of inheritance that is consistent with multiple ...

The immune system specifically recognizes and eliminates foreign antigens and thus protects the integrity of the host. During maturation of the immune system, tolerance mechanisms develop that prevent or inhibit potentially harmful reactivities to self-antigens. Autoreact ...

The modification of chromosomal loci by homologous recombination is commonly referred to as gene targeting, the importance of which needs no emphasis. Gene targeting has been widely used in mice to make a variety of mutations in many different loci, including those of the complement compone ...

Studies on the genetics of complement proteins were originally initiated by the discovery of complement deficiencies in animals and man. From these studies, it has become apparent that most complement components are polymorphic, some with several tens of different allotypes. The study ...

The purpose of the immune system is to defend the host from constantly changing microbial pathogens. Autoimmune diseases develop as a consequence of the production of antibodies and/or cells that react with self-antigens, and may recmit other effector mechanisms that result in tissue dam ...

Complement (C) deficiencies are not common and laboratory screening for clinical reasons generally involves examining relatively few samples. Nevertheless, because of the range of tests, complete testing may mean carrying out many different assays. In contrast, the determinati ...

Measurement of complement-mediated cytolysis, described in Chapter 5, is the index most frequently used for assessing aspects of complement activation or regulation. However, other consequences of complement activation are probably of more relevance in vivo. Complement plays a m ...

The human complement (C) system is composed of about 20 components in blood plasma (Chapter 1). Of these, many become deposited at sites of complement attack and are detected by immunohistochemical methods. C3b, C4b, and their fragments remain covalently bound on targets and components of the m ...

Activation of the complement system by the classical, mannan binding lectic (MBL) or alternative pathway results in the generation of multiple complement proteolytic cleavage products, recruited from these inactive precursor molecules in a sequentially proceeding cascade ( ...

The complement (C) system consists of a group of 12 soluble plasma proteins that interact with one another in two distinct enzymatic activation cascades (the classical and alternative pathways) and in the nonenzymatic assembly of a cytolytic complex (the membrane attack pathway) (Fig. 1; T ...

Mature T lymphocytes specifically recognize antigens through interaction between MHC/peptide complex and αβ or γδ TCR. Variable region genes created by recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) locus contribute to shaping T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires (1,2). Th ...

Advances in the study of thymic selection have relied heavily on animals that are genetically manipulated either by transgenesis and/or by knock out technology. Besides being costly and time consuming, these methods suffer inherent limitations (reviewed in refs. 1–3). In an effort to first, ...

During the developmental process of T cells in the thymus, immature CD4CD8 double positive thymocytes (DP) are subject to undergo positive selection process to become either CD4 single positive (SP) or CD8-SP mature cells (1–3). Since both CD4-SP and CD8-SP mature T cells are the progeny of immatu ...

Most T lymphocytes of the immune system differentiate within the thymus along the CD4/CD8 developmental pathway by a highly ordered process termed thymic selection (1,2). The maturation status of thymocytes is commonly assessed by their expression of the coreceptor proteins CD4 and CD8 a ...

Most T cells develop in the thymus. Thymic development of T cells offers an excellent experimental system to pursue many issues of developmental biology, including 1. lin

1971年Engvall和Perlmann发表了酶联免疫吸附测定（enzymelinkedimmunosorbentassay, ELISA）用于IgG定量测定的文章，使得1966年用于抗原定位的酶标抗体技术发展成液体标本中微量物质的测定方法。ELISA的原理ELISA的基础是抗原或抗体的固相化及抗原或抗体的酶标记。结合在固相载体表面的抗原或抗体仍保持其免疫学活性，酶标记的抗原或抗体既保留其免疫学活性，又保留 ...

Gene indices with many thousands of entries have been constructed by tag sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones (1–7) and are widely available in repositories, such as the dbEST database (16). As more and more genes are identified, efforts are redirected towards understanding the contr ...

Thymically derived lymphocytes perceive antigenic signals via the T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 molecular complex (1,2). The TCR/CD3 is a multimeric complex of proteins composed of an α/β heterodimer that is responsible for the recognition of the antigenic signal (in the case of T cells a pep ...