免疫学技术

Chronic inflammation and aberrant lipid metabolism represent hallmarks of atherosclerosis. Innate immunity critically depends upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. Recent data directly implicate signalling by TLR4 and TLR2 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. T ...

Efforts to develop therapeutic approaches based on stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways have increased in recent years (Nat Med 13:552–559). The effectiveness of TLR agonists is currently being tested in diseases such as cancer, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and viral infect ...

High titers of autoantibodies reactive with DNA/RNA molecular complexes are characteristic of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In vitro and in vivo studies have implicated Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in the activation of ...

The human intestine has evolved in the presence of a diverse array of luminal microorganisms. In order to maintain intestinal homeostasis, mucosal immune responses to theses microorganisms must be tightly regulated. The intestine needs to be able to respond to pathogenic organisms whi ...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that ultimately leads to the progressive destruction of cartilage and bone in numerous joints. There is mounting evidence for an important function of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of RA. Activation of cells by microbial ...

Mainly Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections, but also other infections such as with fungal or viral pathogens, can cause the life-threatening clinical condition of septic shock. Transgression of the host immune response from a local level limited to the pathogen’s pl ...

It is now well accepted that a significant genetic component governs host susceptibility to different infectious diseases. As the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), together with their co-receptors and their downstream signalling partners, play such a crucial role in pathogen recogniti ...

In the last number of years siRNA has emerged as a key technique in understanding gene function. While siRNA has been used in lower organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, its use in mammalian cells, where gene manipulation is difficult, is where its greatest benefit has been realised. The advan ...

This chapter is intended as a handbook for anyone interested in using microarrays to study Toll-like receptor (TLR) function or any other biological question. Although microarray technology has developed into a standard tool at many laboratories disposal, most of the actual microarray ...

Forward genetics has led to many discoveries and particularly in the field of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), it has played an important role in identifying key components involved in the innate sensing of pathogens. With the mouse genome fully sequenced and the ability to generate many mutant phe ...

The mammalian protein–protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) is a two-hybrid technique founded on type I cytokine signal transduction. Thereby, bait and prey proteins are linked to signalling deficient cytokine receptor chimeras. Interaction of bait and prey and ligand stimulation re ...

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis concerted with protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS) is an extremely powerful method for comparative expression profiling of complex protein samples such as cell lysates. The highly resolutive 2-D electrophoresis allows ...

Purification of protein complexes and identification of the constituent components therein have been made relatively simple by the recent advances in proteomics. Uniting good biochemical and protein chemistry techniques with protein identification by mass spectrometry ( ...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling involves five TIR adapter proteins, which couple to downstream protein kinases that ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. TLRs pl ...

Although Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced expression of several proinflammatory genes is required to provoke an efficient immune response, excessive or prolonged activation of TLR signaling can contribute to the development of septic shock and several inflammatory disease ...

Neutrophils are crucial components of our defence against microbial assault. They are short-lived cells, with regulation of their lifespan being a primary mechanism involved in the regulation of their function. Delay of apoptosis facilitates their clearance of pathogens, whilst a ...

Both ubiquitination and phosphorylation are crucial mediators involved in controlling the functions of numerous proteins belonging to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. Altering the aforementioned post-translational events can be detrimental to the host su ...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are principal innate immune sensors critically involved in the recognition of evolutionary conserved microbial and viral structures called “pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs). Although recognition patterns of many TLRs have been ...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) play crucial roles in host innate immune response against microbial infections. These receptors share a conserved cytoplasmic domain, the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is required for signaling t ...

Continual advancements in computing power and sophistication, coupled with rapid increases in protein sequence and structural information, have made bioinformatic tools an invaluable resource for the molecular and structural biologists. With the degree of sequence inform ...