可溶性抗原,如蛋白质、多糖、类脂质和病毒等,与相应抗体结合后,抗原抗体复合物可以结合补体,但这一反应肉眼不能察觉,如再加入红细胞和溶血素,即可根据是否出现溶血反应来判定反应系统中是否存在相应的抗原或抗体。这个反应就是补体结合反应。 补体结合反应是一种古老的血清学技术,Bordet和Gengou在1901年设计这一试验,由于有敏感性高和适应性广的优点,尽管操作繁杂,目前仍被有效地应用。 (一)补体及其作用特点 补体存在于哺乳动 ...
Protein G Purification of AntibodiesSource: Contributed by Nanci DonackiReagent and Materials Hi-Trap Protein G Column (Pharmacia Biotech #17-0404-01)20 mM Sodium Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.01.084 g NaH2PO4, anhydrous3.273 g Na2HPO4.7H2Oq.s. to 1 liter with di-H2O0.1M Glycine, pH 2.83 ...
ReagentsAffi-gel Protein-A Agarose (BioRad #153-6153)MAPS II Binding Buffer (BioRad # 153-6161)0.314 g/ml diH2OMAPS II Elution Buffer (BioRad #153-6162)0.023 g/ml diH2OMAPS II Regeneration Buffer (BioRad #153-61661M Tris, pH 9-11PBSProcedureDilute Ab 1:5 with Binding Buff ...
(一)为什么要进行抗原修复? 组织在制作过程中,由于化学试剂的作用封闭了抗原,又由于热的作用致使部分抗原的肽链发生扭曲,致使在免疫组化的染色过程中不能将其显示出来,为了解决上述的问题,利用化学试剂和热的作用将这些抗原重新暴露出来或修正过来的过程称为抗原修复。 在免疫组化染色后的镜下观察中,有发现这样的结果,阳性物反应不强,时隐时现,表达不均匀,有时可出现假阴性,这是因为: 1.组织在用甲醛固定的过程中所形成的醛键可封闭抗原的 ...
醋酸纤维膜电泳是一项简便而又迅速的方法。它的优点是:①电泳区带分离清楚,比琼脂平板电泳分辨率高;②可以定量;③样品用量少,只需要几微升即可。 (一)材料与试剂 1.pH8.6离子强度0.05巴比妥缓冲液 2.0.5%氨基黑染色液 3.透明液: 冰醋酸3份 95%乙醇2份 混合即可 4.醋酸纤维膜 (二)操作方法 1.将醋酸纤维膜条浸于巴比妥缓冲液中,浸透后用竹镊子夹到滤纸上,吸去过多的水分。将膜的光滑面向下搭在电泳槽两侧的滤纸桥上,注意搭平。 2.加样用微量加样器于负 ...
(copied from the Plant Anatomy course pages atUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)1. LIGNIN - Phloroglucinol test: Place on the section a large drop of a saturated aqueous solution of phloroglucinol in 18% HC1. Cover with a cover slip. Lignin will appear red-violet. The preparation is n ...
一、基本概况 (一)原理 蛋白质是一种两性电解质,它同时具有游离氨基和羧基。每种蛋白质都有它自己的等电点。等电点的高低取决于蛋白质的性质,在等电点时,蛋白质所带的正负电荷相等。在pH大于等电点溶液中,羧基解离多,此时蛋白质带负电荷,带负电荷的蛋白质在电场中向正极移动。反之,在pH小于等电点的溶液中,氨基解离多,此时蛋白质带正电荷,在电场中向负极移动。 这种带电质点在电场中向着带异相电荷的电场移动,称为电泳。带电质点所以能在电场 ...
免疫球蛋白的轻链可分为Kappa型和Lambda型。每一轻链上的型别只能属于两型别中的某一型别,而不能两者兼而有之,亦即属于Kappa型或是Lambda型,而不能有Kappa-Lambda型者。Kappa型和Lambda型的不 同主要表现在氨基酸序列和二硫链位置的不同。但是,不同种属的 Kappa型或Lambda型之间有较大的相似性,不同种属的Kappa/Lambda 的比值并不相同,一般Kappa和Lambda型与重 ...
Biotinylation of Antibody (Contributed by Nanci Donacki) Antibody labeling (House Ear Institute)Labeling protocols using affinity markers. Coupling Colloidal Gold to Protein (Walter Steffen) Gold labelling of rabbit IgG Preparation of enzyme gold complex Coupling of Nanog ...
Preparation of Colloidal Gold Conjugates.Colloidal gold has been used for centuries in the preparation of stained glass for windows and fine glassware. In recent years, colloidal gold particles have become a useful tool for microscopists. Colloidal gold particles are especially use ...
OUTLINEClodronate (dichloromethylene diphosphonate) is used for treatment of osteolytic diseases and osteoporosis Its effect is due to inhibittion of the function of osteoclasts. This drug is also taken up by macrophages and rapidly causes apoptosis of these cells.PROTOCOLpr ...
一、固定 若想得到理想的ICC染色结果、正确地判断抗原物质在组织细胞内的位置,除需有良好酶和抗体外,保持组织细胞内抗原物质的不动性(Immobility)和免疫活性也是至关重要的。换言之,如果抗原物质在组织细胞间弥散、丢失或失去免疫活性,无论如何努力染色都是徒劳的,所以说固定是ICC染色中非常重要的一环。ICC与其它组织学技术不同,除要求保存良好的结构外,还需保存组织抗原的免疫活性。一般认为,新鲜组织能够最大限度地保 ...
一、本科标抗体法 酶标抗体技术是通过共价键将酶连结在抗体上,制成酶标抗体,再借酶对底物的特异催化作用,生成有色的不溶性产物或具有一定电子密度的颗粒,于光镜或电镜下进行细胞表面及细胞内各种抗原成分的定位。 (一)酶的种类及特点 从理论上讲,用细胞化学方法能显示的酶,均可用于标记抗体,进行ICC染色,但实际上在ICC中所能用的酶并不多。现将常用的几种酶列于表4-1,供选用时参考。 表4-1免疫细胞化学常用的酶名 称分 子 量内 源 性商 品Horseera ...
Fluorochrome Absorption and Emission SpectraHere we present the absorption and emission spectra of the fluorochromes BD Biosciences Pharmingen conjugates to monoclonal antibodies and other proteins. Four of these fluorochromes, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), R-p ...
(一) 基本原理 APAAP(Alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique) 技术的基本原理为: 抗鼠IgG抗体作为桥梁,将鼠源性识别细胞抗原的第一抗体与鼠源性的抗碱性磷酸酶单克隆抗体-碱性磷酸酶复合物相连接,使之成为Ag,-Ab1-Ab2-anti AP-AP的复合物。还可通过二抗将APAAP 复合物重复叠加起来,从而使多个碱性磷酸酶标记于组织细胞上第一抗体所识别的抗原部位,提高 ...
Day 1:1. Coat with 100 μl/well of coating antibody diluted in filtered PBS. Incubate plate overnight at 4°C, coveredwith plate sealer.Day 2:2. Block plates with 200 μl/well of 4 g Block ACE powder, diluted in 100 ml of deionized water (USE a 1:4dilution of this) for 3 hrs at RT covered with plate sealer.3. Wash plat ...
Reagents: PBS (pH 7.3) Coating Solution: 0.1 M Sodium Carbonate (pH9.6) with 0.02% Sodium Azide Wash Solution: 0.9% NaCl-0.05% Tween 20 (NaCl/T) PBS-TA: PBS-Tween 20 (0.05%) - sodium azide (0.02%) pH 7.3 AP Substrate Buffer: 0.05 M sodium carbonate-0.001 M MgCl2 (pH 9.3) HRP Substrate: Mix equal parts TMB peroxida ...
Caution: Formaldehyde is toxic and should be handled with caution under a chemical fume hood. Consult Material Safety Data Sheets for proper handling of all laboratory chemicals.4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)Heat 250 mL of double strength phosphate buffer stock solution (see step 4) to 140� (60 ...
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) combine the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of simple enzyme assays, by using antibodies or antigens coupled to an easily assayed enzyme that possesses a high turnover number. ELISAs can provide a useful measurement of anti ...
Lymphoid follicles are B-cell-rich compartments of lymphoid organs that function as sites of B-cell antigen encounter and differentiation. CXC chemokine receptor-5 (CXCR5) is required for B-cell migration to splenic follicles1, but the requirements for homing to B-cell areas in lym ...