生物化学技术

The traditional formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, and therefore the tissue microarrays created from it, provide good morphology but with a compromised antigenicity when compared to frozen tissue. In contrast, while solving the issue of antigenicity, frozen tissue ...

This technique allows building TMA blocks with more than 300 tissue cores without using a recipient paraffin block for the tissue cores and without using a commercial TMA builder instrument. It is based on the construction of TMA needles modifying conventional hypodermic needles to punch t ...

New high-throughput screening technologies have led to the identification of hundreds of genes with a potential role in cancer or other diseases. One way to prioritize the leads obtained in such studies is to analyze a large number of tissues for candidate gene expression. The TMA methodology is ...

We present a protocol for construction of high-density tissue microarrays, cutting edge matrix assembly, which is based on repetitive sectioning and bonding of tissues. Maximized array density is achieved by a scaffold-free, self-supporting construction with rectangular array ...

The smaller the portion of a tumor sample that is analyzed becomes, the higher is the risk of missing important histological or molecular features that might be present only in a subset of tumor cells. Many researchers have, therefore, suggested using larger tissue cores or multiple cores from the s ...

The quality of a TMA experiment can only be as good as the worst step in the entire process. Making and analyzing of tissue microarrays (TMAs) is a complex process involving tissue sample acquisition and preparation, expert histological diagnosis, long-term collection of clinical data, deve ...

Tissue microarrays (TMAs) have become a standard tool for tissue-based research during the last decade. In cancer research, depending on the available data attached to the arrayed tissue, three main types of arrays are commonly manufactured. Prevalence TMAs have no further data available ...

Current high-throughput screening techniques using DNA arrays have identified hundreds of new candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and risk prediction of prostate cancer. Large-scale analysis of clinical prostate cancer specimens is a key prerequisite for the validation of the ...

The enormous amount of clinical, pathological, and staining data to be linked, analyzed, and correlated in a tissue microarray (TMA) project makes digital slides ideal to be integrated into TMA database systems. With the help of a computer and dedicated software tools, digital slides offer dy ...

The analysis of protein expression in tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC) presents three significant challenges. They are (1) the time-consuming nature of pathologist-based scoring of slides; (2) the need for objective quantification and localization of protein expression; a ...

The technique of RNA in situ hybridization, i.e., the detection of specific messenger RNA sequences within structurally intact cells or tissues is not widely used in biomedical research, because it can be cumbersome and technically challenging. However, it has a major advantage that warra ...

Detection of DNA sequence copy number changes is essential in both clinical practice and basic research, especially in cancer research. The combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and tissue microarray (TMA) technology provides high-throughput means for the eva ...

Although enzymes are highly efficient and selective catalysts, there have been problems incorporating them into fuel cells. Early enzyme-based fuel cells contained enzymes in solution rather than immobilized on the electrode surface. One problem utilizing an enzyme in solution is an ...

Extensive cross-linking of a precipitate of a protein by a cross-linking reagent (glutaraldehyde has been most commonly used) creates an insoluble enzyme preparation called cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). CLEAs show high stability and performance in both conventional a ...

Polyelectrolyte capsules have generated great interest in the biotechnology field, because of the facile methods for formation, the broad range of materials that may be used and nanocomposite wall structures that may be realized, and the potential to encapsulate biologically active ...

Enzymes hold a great promise as therapeutic agents because of their unique specificity and high level of activity. Yet, clinically important enzyme drugs are for less common than conventional low molecular weight drugs due to a number of disadvantages. Most important among these are poor st ...

One of the most used procedures for enzyme stabilization is immobilization. Although immobilization on solid supports has been pursued since the 1950s, there are no general rules for selecting the best support for a giving application. A macroporous copolymer of ethylene glycol dimeth ...

Immobilized enzymes are drawing significant attention for potential commercial applications as biocatalysts by reducing operational expenses and by increasing process utilization of the enzymes. Typically, immobilized enzymes have greater thermal and operational st ...

Sol–gel-derived aerogels are three-dimensional, nanoscale materials that combine large surface areas and high porosities. These traits make them useful for any rate-critical chemical process, particularly sensing or electrochemical applications, once physical or chemi ...

Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes, with a focus on their reaction rates. The study of an enzyme’s kinetics considers the various stages of activity, reveals the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme, correlates its value to assay conditions, and desc ...