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Tubulin polymerization assay using >99% pure tubulin, fluorescence based (BK011P)
低温
96 assays
Product Uses Include
Introduction
This assay is an economical one step procedure for determining the effects of drugs or proteins on tubulin polymerization. It is an adaptation of an assay originally described by Bonne, D. et al. (1). Polymerization is followed by fluorescence enhancement due to the incorporation of a fluorescent reporter into microtubules as polymerization occurs. The standard assay uses neuronal tubulin (Cat. # T240), which generates a polymerization curve representing the three phases of microtubule formation; namely nucleation, growth and steady state equilibrium. Other tubulins, such as HeLa cell tubulin (Cat. # H001) can also be used in this assay. The low volume per assay of 50 µl and the low tubulin concentrations, 2 mg/ml final concentration (100 µg per assay), makes this an ideal choice for studying the more expensive cancer cell tubulin reagents and for high throughput applications.
The classic tubulin polymerization assay uses absorbance readings at 340 nm to follow microtubule formation. It is based upon the fact that light is scattered by microtubules to an extent that is proportional to the concentration of microtubule polymer. This assay is offered by Cytoskeleton, Inc. (Cat. # BK006P). The fluorescence based assay has been compared to the absorbance based format and the comparisons are given in Table 1 below. For help in selecting the best assay format for your needs, contact tservice@cytoskeleton.com.
Table 1. Comparison of Fluorescence versus Absorbance Based Polymerization Assays
Assay Characteristics | Absorbance Assay | Fluorescence Assay |
Tubulin used per assay |
300 µg
|
100 µg
|
Volume of reaction |
100 µl
|
50 µl
|
Signal to noise ratio (S/N) |
2
|
4
|
Coefficient of variation (cv)* |
13%
|
11%
|
Paclitaxel EC50** |
1 µM
|
1 µM
|
Vinblastine IC50 ** |
0.6 µM
|
0.6 µM
|
Possible problems | Glycerol in standard assay format may interfere with drug or protein binding. Assay conditions can easily be altered to test this. | Fluorescent reporter may interfere with drug or protein binding. |
*: Duplicate samples **: Under standard assay conditions. Conditions can be optimized for polymerization enhancers or inhibitors. |
Kit contents
The kit contains sufficient material for 96 assays in 50 µl format. The following components are included:
Equipment needed
Example results
Compounds or proteins that interact with tubulin will often alter one or more of the characteristic phases of polymerization. For example, Figure 1 shows the effect of adding the anti-mitotic drug paclitaxel to the standard polymerization reaction. A 3 µM concentration of paclitaxel eliminates the nucleation phase and enhances the Vmax of the growth phase. Thus, one application of this assay is the identification of novel anti-mitotics. Figure 1 also shows the effect of adding the microtubule destabilizing drug, vinblastine. At 3 µM final concentration, vinblastine causes a drastic decrease in Vmax and reduction in final polymer mass.
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Figure 1. Tubulin polymerization using the fluorescence based tubulin polymerization assay (BK011P). Tubulin was incubated alone (Control), with Paclitaxel or Vinblastine. Each condition was tested in duplicate. Polymerization was measured by excitation at 360 nm and emission at 420 nm. The three Phases of tubulin polymerization are marked for the control polymerization curve; I: nucleation, II: growth, III: steady state equillibrium. |
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References
Bonne, D., Heusele, C., Simon, C., and Pantaloni, D. (1985). 4’, 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, a fluorescent probe for tubulin and mictrotubules. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 2819-2825.
B.-H. Choi et al. 2014. Suprafenacine, an indazole-hydrazide agent, targets cancer cells through microtubule destabilization. PLoS ONE. 9, e110955.
S. Senese et al. 2014. Chemical dissection of the cell cycle: probes for cell biology and anti-cancer drug development. Cell Death and Disease. 5, e1462.
M. Mei et al. 2014. A new 2a,5a,10b,14b-tetraacetoxy-4(20),11-taxadiene (SIA) derivative overcomes paclitaxel resistance by inhibiting MAPK signaling and increasing paclitaxel accumulation in breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE. 9, e104317.
I.M. Fawzy et al. 2014. Newly designed and synthesized curcumin analogs with in vitro cytotoxicity and tubulin polymerization activity. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12464.
W.M. Remers et al. 2014. Synthesis and antitumor activity of heterocycles related to carbendazim. J. Heterocycl. Chem. DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1976.
T. Shigehiro et al. 2014. Efficient drug delivery of paclitaxel glycoside: A novel solubility gradient encapsulation into liposomes coupled with immunoliposomes preparation. PLoS ONE. 9, e107976.
Sidhaye et al., 2012. A Novel Role for Aquaporin-5 in Enhancing Microtubule Organization and Stability. PLoS ONE 7: e38717.
Zach et al., 2012. The retinitis pigmentosa 28 protein FAM161A is a novel ciliary protein involved in intermolecular protein interaction and microtubule association. Hum. Mol. Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds268.
Dyrager et al., 2011. Inhibitors and promoters of tubulin polymerization: Synthesis and biological evaluation of chalcones and related dienones as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. v 19, pp 2659-2665.
Hwang et al., 2011. Induction of tubulin polymerization and apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cells by a new compound JBIR-23. Cancer Lett. v 300, pp 189-196.
Kim et al., 2011. Zinc stimulates tau S214 phosphorylation by the activation of Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Neuroreport, v22, pp 839-844.
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