Raloxifene, has been demonstrated as a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of phthalazine, vanillin, and nicotine-Delta1'(5')-iminium ion, with Ki values of 0.87 nM, 1.2 nM and 1.4 nM. Raloxifene has also been shown to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of an aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed reduction reaction of a hydroxamic acid-containing compound, with a Ki of 51 nM. [1] Raloxifene activates TGF beta 3 promoter as a full agonist at nanomolar concentrations, and raloxifene inhibits the estrogen response element-containing vitellogenin promoter expression as a pure estrogen antagonist in transient transfection assays.