HAPTEN 4-HYDROXY-3-NITROPHENYL

半抗原hapten

　　可同抗体结合，但其本身并不具备导致免疫反应能力（免疫原性）的物质。 1920年以后，兰德斯坦纳（ K． Landsteiner）将芳香族化合物及糖类等不能形成抗体的低分子物质同蛋白质结合后作为抗原使用，查明与前者对应的抗体和与后者对应的抗体可以独立地产生，那些低分子物质总称为半抗原，对那时所用的蛋白质作为载体在概念上有了区别。根据这项研究，推定就是自然抗原作为抗体的标靶也不是全部的抗原分子，而只是其中一部分，这就成为作为抗原决定簇的已定概念。因此所谓半抗原可以为“人工

Synthesis of Hapten-Protein Conjugates Using Microbial Transglutaminase

Hapten-protein conjugates are essential in many immunochemical assays and in particular in assays using titration or competitive assay formats. By exploitation of the catalytic properties of the microbial transglutaminase

Searching Haptens, Carrier Proteins, and Anti-Hapten Antibodies

Haptens are small molecules that are usually nonimmunogenic unless coupled to some carrier proteins. The generation of anti-hapten antibodies is important for the development of immunodiagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, our group