Twist

Members of the myogenic determination family are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins that can be separated into two classes. Class A proteins include the ubiquitously expressed E-box binding factors E12/E47, ITF2 and HEB (BETA1 or HTF4). Class B proteins such as MyoD, myogenin and NeuroD (BETA2) are transiently expressed and exhibit a much more limited tissue distribution. Class A proteins heterodimerize with class B proteins to activate DNA transcription. Working in opposition to these positively acting factors are a specialized group of proteins that function as dominant negative regulators. Muscle tissue is derived from a subset of cells originating from the embryonic mesoderm. The novel basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor twist is a putative regulator of mesodermal differentiation and myogenesis. Twist is expressed throughout the epithelial somite but not in the myotome. Twist requires dimerization with the E proteins and inhibits myogenic regulatory factors. It has been implicated as regulator of the temporal and spatial formation of myotomes.