Metformin HCl (1115-70-4) is a clinically useful antidiabetic agent. Lowers plasma glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity. Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.1,2 Displays antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic actions in a variety of cancer cell lines.3,4 Induces autophagy via inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Activates PGC1α and improves mitochondrial dynamics in renal tubular cells.5 Upregulates SIRT1 activity in endothelial cells.6 Neuroprotective and lowers α-synuclein phosphorylation in the Parkinson’s disease MPTP mouse model.7 Lowers body weight by increasing circulating levels of peptide hormone growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15).8 盐酸二甲双gua(1115-70-4)是一种临床上有用的抗糖尿病药物。 降低血糖水平,提高胰岛素敏感性。 通过激活amp激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)途径抑制肝脏糖异生。 在多种癌细胞系中显示抗增殖和促凋亡作用。 3,4通过抑制mTOR途径诱导自噬。 4 .激活PGC1α,改善肾小管细胞线粒体动力学 上调内皮细胞中SIRT1的活性 在帕金森病MPTP小鼠模型中具有神经保护作用并降低α-突触核蛋白磷酸化 通过增加肽激素生长/分化因子15 (GDF15)的循环水平来降低体重。
References/Citations:
1) Zhou et al. (2001), Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action; J. Clin. Invest., 108 1167 2) Shaw et al. (2005), The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in liver and therapeutic effects of metformin; Science, 310 1642 3) Shi et al. (2012), Therapeutic metformin/AMPK activation blocked lymphoma cell growth via inhibition of mTOR pathway and induction of autophagy; Cell Death Dis., 3 e275 4) Rego et al. (2017) Anti-tumor effects of metformin on head and neck carcinoma cell lines: A systemic review; Oncol. Lett., 13 554 5) Lee et al. (2017) PGC1α Activators Mitigate Diabetic Tubulopathy by Improving Mitochondrial Dynamics and Quality Control; J. Diabetes Res., 2017 6483572 6) Zheng et al. (2012) Sirtuin 1-mediated cellular metabolic memory of high glucose via the LKB1/AMPK/ROS pathway and therapeutic effects of metformin; Diabetes, 61 217 7) Katila et al. (2017) Metformin lowers α-synuclein phosphorylation and upregulates neurotrophic factor in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease; Neuropharmacology, 125 396 8) Coll et al. (2020), GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance; Nature, 578 444
CAS:
1115-70-4
Catalog Number:
10-2469
Activity:
Anti-diabetic agent
Chemical Name:
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride
Molecular Weight:
165.63
Molecular Formula:
C4H11N5 HCl
Solubility:
Soluble in DMSO (up to 8 mg/ml) or in Water (up to 16 mg/ml).
Physical Properties:
White solid
Purity:
98%
NMR (Conforms)
Storage Temperature:
RT
Stability:
Stable for 2 years from date of purchase as supplied. Solutions in DMSO or distilled water may be stored at -20° for up to 2 months.
Shipping Code:
RT
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