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通过使用的特定的动词可以说明你对所引用的资料来源的态,不要只用一种方式「Smith says」。在英语中有很多这样的动词可供你选择,用前先查一下词典,你所使用的动词是否有你想要的细微差别。 以下是使用这些动词时需要遵循的一些语法规则: 方式1: 转述动词 + that + 主语 + 动词 acknowledge admit agree allege argue assert assume believe claim conclude consider decide demonstrate deny determine discover doubt emphasize explain find hypothesize imply indicate infer note object observe point out prove reveal say show state suggest think (a) Da Souza argues that previous researchers have misinterpreted the data. (b) Researchers have demonstrated that the procedure is harmful. (c) Positivists find that social disorders are exacerbated by class factors. (d) Singh infers that both states are essential. 注意,上面那些动词的意思都是不同的,它们不能互换使用。例如,例句(a)中的动词 argue 表示你认为作者的结论是基于证据和推理的,但也可能有其他的几轮。例句(b)中的动词 demonstrate 用来表明你的判断,研究人员提供的中举和推理是令人信服的,不可能有其他结论。 注意不要在动词 discuss 或 express 使用 that。例如,这样写是错误的「The reviewer expressed that the movie is not worth seeing.」但是你可以这样写「The reviewer expressed the view that the movie is not worth seeing.」。 注意: 这类动词也可以用在以 As 开头的从句中: (e) As Da Souza argues, misinterpretations by previous researchers need to be corrected. (f) As researchers have demonstrated, the procedure is harmful. 方式2: 转述动词 + 某人/某事 + for + 名词/动名词 applaud blame censure criticize disparage fault praise ridicule single out thank (a) Smith criticized Jones for his use of incomplete data (OR for using incomplete data). (b) Both Smith and Jones condemn previous researchers for distorting the data. (c) Banting thanked Best for his contribution to the discovery of insulin. 方式3: 转述动词 + 某人/某事 + as + 名词/动名词/形容词 appraise assess characterize class classify define depict describe evaluate identify interpret portray present refer view (a) Jones describes the findings as resting on irrefutable evidence. (b) Smith identifies the open window as a source of contamination. (c) Smith and Jones both present their data as conclusive. |